【C# Common Keyword II】
1、as 运算符用于在兼容的引用类型之间执行某些类型的转换。
class csrefKeywordsOperators { class Base { public override string ToString() { return "Base"; } } class Derived : Base { } class Program { static void Main() { Derived d = new Derived(); Base b = d as Base; if (b != null) { Console.WriteLine(b.ToString()); } } } }
as 运算符类似于强制转换操作。但是,如果无法进行转换,则 as 返回 null 而非引发异常。请看下面的表达式:
expression as type // 它等效于以下表达式,但只计算一次 expression。 expression is type ? (type)expression : (type)null
参考:http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/cscsdfbt(v=vs.90).aspx
2、Metadata is binary information describing your program that is stored either in a CLR(common language runtime ) portable executable (PE) file or in memory.When you compile your code into a PE file, metadata is inserted into one portion of the file, while your code is converted to Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) and inserted into another portion of the file.When code is executed, the runtime loads metadata into memory and references it to discover information about your code‘s classes, members, inheritance, and so on.
Metadata描述存储于CRL-PE或存储于于内存中的program。当编译时,metadata被插入到文件中。当执行时,runtime加载metadata到内在,根据metadata来发现你的程序的信息。
- Description of the assembly.
- Identity (name, version, culture, public key).
- The types that are exported.
- Other assemblies that this assembly depends on.
- Security permissions needed to run.
- Description of types.
- Name, visibility, base class, and interfaces implemented.
- Members (methods, fields, properties, events, nested types).
Metadata is the key to a simpler programming model, eliminating the need for Interface Definition Language (IDL) files, header files, or any external method of component reference. Metadata allows .NET languages to describe themselves automatically in a language-neutral manner, unseen by both the developer and the user.
参考:http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/xcd8txaw(v=vs.90).aspx
3、public static class A,静态类。静态类的主要功能如下:
- 它们仅包含静态成员。
- 它们不能被实例化。
- 它们是密封的。
- 它们不能包含实例构造函数(C# 编程指南)。
因此创建静态类与创建仅包含静态成员和私有构造函数的类大致一样。私有构造函数阻止类被实例化。使用静态类的优点在于,编译器能够执行检查以确保不致偶然地添加实例成员。编译器将保证不会创建此类的实例。静态类不能包含构造函数,但仍可声明静态构造函数以分配初始值或设置某个静态状态。
class SimpleClass { // Static constructor static SimpleClass() { //... } }
- 在创建第一个实例或引用任何静态成员之前,将自动调用静态构造函数来初始化类。无法直接调用静态构造函数。
- 无法直接调用静态构造函数,也无法何时执行静态构造函数。
参考:
1)http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/79b3xss3(VS.80).aspx
2)http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/k9x6w0hc(v=vs.80).aspx
4、is关键字用于判断对象是否为从 MyObject 派生的一个类型:
class Class1 {} class Class2 {} class Class3 : Class2 { } class IsTest { static void Test(object o) { Class1 a; Class2 b; if (o is Class1) { Console.WriteLine("o is Class1"); a = (Class1)o; // Do something with "a." } else if (o is Class2) { Console.WriteLine("o is Class2"); b = (Class2)o; // Do something with "b." } else { Console.WriteLine("o is neither Class1 nor Class2."); } } static void Main() { Class1 c1 = new Class1(); Class2 c2 = new Class2(); Class3 c3 = new Class3(); Test(c1); Test(c2); Test(c3); Test("a string"); } } /* Output: o is Class1 o is Class2 o is Class2 o is neither Class1 nor Class2. */
参考:http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/scekt9xw(v=vs.90).aspx
5、方法参数不能有默认值。如果要获得同样的效果,请使用方法重载。
// CS0241.cs public class A { public void Test(int i = 9) {} // CS0241 } public class B { public void Test() { Test(9); } public void Test(int i) {} } public class C { public static void Main() { B x = new B(); x.Test(); } }
参考:http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/294000kk(v=vs.90).aspx
6、using有以下2个用途:
除此外,还有一个using语句的用法。using 指令的范围限制为包含它的文件。
参考:http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/sf0df423(v=vs.90).aspx
C# Common Keyword II