要求:
第一部分:磁盘分区
1)为虚拟机添加一块80GB、SCSI接口的硬盘
2)划分2个10GB的EXT4主分区,剩余的作为扩展分区
3)划分一个2G的swap交换分区
4)划分一个10G的FAT32的VFAT逻辑分区
第二部分:新磁盘分区的应用
a)将系统中的普通用户king的宿主目录迁移到所添加的新硬盘的其中一个主分区上
并能实现开机自动挂载,不影响开机时用户king的正常登陆(修改fstab配置文件)
b)实现新添加交换分区的开机自动挂载(修改fstab配置文件)
c)实现先添加另一个主分区和FAT32逻辑分区的按需挂载(即触发挂载,autofs等服务实现)
环境:
- VMware WorkStation 9
- Read Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5
实现步骤:
(1)添加新硬盘到新系统中:
- 按要求将新硬盘添加如虚拟机中
- 开启或重启系统
[[email protected] ~]# ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3 /dev/sda4 /dev/sda5 /dev/sdb
[[email protected] ~]#
当成功添加新硬盘到系统中后,会在/dev目录下出现新的设备文件,类似如上述结果中红色标注部 分,新的硬盘在系统中显示的设备名为sdb
(2)按要求对新磁盘进行分区以及创建对应的文件系统
- 查看新硬盘信息:
[[email protected] dev]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[[email protected] dev]#
注:此结果显示的是未执行任何处理的新硬盘
- 执行分区操作
[[email protected] ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x507a5b54.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won‘t be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It‘s strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command ‘c‘) and change display units to
sectors (command ‘u‘).
Command (m for help): m //查看指令帮助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition //删除分区
l list known partition types //显示已知分区类型
m print this menu
n add a new partition //添加新的分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes //不保存退出(退出时不修改当前磁盘分区)
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition‘s system id //更改分区类型
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit //保存退出(退出时对当前磁盘执行分区修改操作)
x extra functionality (experts only)
- 创建主分区(2个):
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended //输入e指定分区类型为扩展分区
p primary partition (1-4) //输入p指定分区类型为主分区
p //输入p
Partition number (1-4): 1 //指定分区编号
First cylinder (1-10443, default 1): //指定起始柱面,通常不做指定
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-10443, default 10443): +10G
//指定分区大小,也可指定结束柱面,由系统自行计算(10G)
- 创建扩展分区:
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (2613-10443, default 2613):
Using default value 2613
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2613-10443, default 10443):
Using default value 10443
-创建逻辑分区:(逻辑分区是在扩展分区的基础上创建的)
(注:swap交换分区以及FAT32分区都是在逻辑分区上建立的,所以在建立逻辑分区时要建立与其 大小一致的逻辑分区)
Command (m for help): n
Command action
l logical (5 or over) //输入l建立逻辑分区
p primary partition (1-4)
l //建立逻辑分区
First cylinder (2613-10443, default 2613):
Using default value 2613
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (2613-10443, default 10443): +2G
//此逻辑分区用于建立swap交换分区,按要求交换分区大小为2G,建立FAT32分区时将大小按要 //求建立即可
- 参看到目前为止的分区设置
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xdc6ad4da
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 1306 10490413+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1307 2612 10490445 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 2613 10443 62902507+ 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 2613 2874 2104483+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 2875 4180 10490413+ 83 Linux
- 指定分区类型
Command (m for help): t //输入t指定分区类型
Partition number (1-6): 1 //输入分区号
Hex code (type L to list codes): 83 //输入分区类型编号,83为linux文件系统
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): 83
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 5
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 //82为linux的swap分区文件系统类型
Changed system type of partition 5 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 6
Hex code (type L to list codes): b //b为windows 95中的FAT32文件系统类型
Changed system type of partition 6 to b (W95 FAT32)
- 参看并确认分区设置
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xd18c03c5
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 1306 10490413+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 1307 2612 10490445 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 2613 10443 62902507+ 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 2613 2874 2104483+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sdb6 2875 4180 10490413+ b W95 FAT32
- 保存分区设置并退出
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x
partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional
information.
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] ~]#
- 创建文件系统类型
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs //双击tab键可参看系统可创建的文件系统类型的命令
mkfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.msdos
mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4dev mkfs.vfat
- 为主分区创建文件系统类型(2个主分区)
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 //为第一个主分区sdb1创建文件系统类型为ext4
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
文件系统标签=
操作系统:Linux
块大小=4096 (log=2)
分块大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
655776 inodes, 2622603 blocks
131130 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一个数据块=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=2688548864
81 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8096 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
正在写入inode表: 完成
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[[email protected] ~]#
- 为交换分区创建文件系统类型
[[email protected] ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb5
//为第一个逻辑分区(即swap交换分区)创建文件系统类型
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2104476 KiB
no label, UUID=af0c56b4-61c2-49b3-b817-08dc03cd58d5
//在RHEL6中创建完swap交换分区的文件系统类型后,会为交换分区设备添加一个UUID,在之前 //的版本中是没有的
[[email protected] ~]#
- 为FAT32分区创建文件系统类型
[[email protected] ~]# mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sdb5
//为第二个逻辑分区(即FAT32分区)创建文件系统类型
mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010)
[[email protected] ~]#
- 查看对应分区的信息
[[email protected] ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1 //第一个主分区
/dev/sdb1: UUID="e3ecf581-9d8b-4411-9c74-bbf5ba8e41d9" TYPE="ext4"
[[email protected] ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1 //第二个主分区
/dev/sdb1: UUID="e3ecf581-9d8b-4411-9c74-bbf5ba8e41d9" TYPE="ext4"
[[email protected] ~]# blkid /dev/sdb5 //swap交换分区
/dev/sdb5: UUID="af0c56b4-61c2-49b3-b817-08dc03cd58d5" TYPE="swap"
[[email protected] ~]# blkid /dev/sdb6 //FAT32分区
/dev/sdb6: UUID="48F1-5927" TYPE="vfat"
[[email protected] ~]#
(3)应用新的磁盘分区
- 将用户king的宿主目录/home/king迁移到新磁盘的主分区之一中,并设置目录
为/data/sdb1/home/king
创建目录:/data/sdb1
[[email protected] ~]# ls /data/sdb1
ls: 无法访问/data/sdb1: 没有那个文件或目录
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir -p /data/sdb1
[[email protected]ocalhost ~]# ls -a /data/sdb1
. ..
[[email protected] ~]#
将/dev/sdb1临时挂载到/data/sdb1目录下
[[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /data/sdb1
[[email protected] ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 9.7G 2.6G 6.6G 29% /
tmpfs 504M 76K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 97M 28M 65M 30% /boot
/dev/sda5 8.1G 147M 7.6G 2% /data
/dev/sr0 3.1G 3.1G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.5 i386 Disc 1
/dev/sdb1 9.9G 151M 9.3G 2% /data/sdb1 //成功挂载
[[email protected] ~]#
- 将用户king的宿主目录拷贝到/data/sdb1/home,并保持目录属性不变
[[email protected] ~]# cp -rp /home /data/sdb1/home
[[email protected] ~]# cd /data/sdb1/home/
[[email protected] home]# ls -l
总用量 4
drwx------. 4 king king 4096 8月 2 09:16 king
[[email protected] home]# pwd
/data/sdb1/home
[[email protected] home]#
- 修改用户king的宿主目录,此用户目录迁移过程必须确保用户为登陆
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/passwd
[[email protected] ~]# tail -n 5 /etc/passwd
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
oprofile:x:16:16:Special user account to be used by OProfile:/home/oprofile:/sbin/nologin
king:x:500:500::/data/sdb1/home/king:/bin/bash
//更改结果如红色标注所示
[[email protected] ~]# su - king
[[email protected] ~]$ pwd
/data/sdb1/home/king
[[email protected] ~]$
- 按要求实现用户king的宿主目录所在主分区的开机自动挂载以及,新建swap交换分区的开机自动 挂载,通过修改/etc/fstab配置文件实现。
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/fstab
[[email protected] ~]# tail -n 5 /etc/fstab
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
UUID=e3ecf581-9d8b-4411-9c74-bbf5ba8e41d9 /data/sdb1 ext4 defaults 0 0
UUID=af0c56b4-61c2-49b3-b817-08dc03cd58d5 swap swap defaults 0 0
//添加如上红色标注部分信息,其中UUID必须于启动挂载设备相对应,否则会无法启动系统
//UUID可是使用 blkid [ 设备名 ] 命令进行查看
[[email protected] ~]#
- 按要求将另一个主分区及FAT32分区实现触发挂载
创建触发挂载点目录:
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir -p /mnt
修改触发挂载配置文件:
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/auto.master
[[email protected] ~]# grep -vE "^#|^$" /etc/auto.master
/misc /etc/auto.misc
/mnt /etc/auto.mnt
//触发挂载点目录:/data/mnt ;触发挂载设备配置文件为/etc/auto.mnt
/net -hosts
+auto.master
[[email protected] ~]#
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/auto.mnt
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/auto.mnt
sdb2 -fstype=ext4 :/dev/sdb2
FAT32 -fstype=vfat :/dev/sdb6
[[email protected] ~]# service autofs restart
停止 automount: [确定]
正在启动 automount: [确定]
[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt
[[email protected] mnt]# ls
[[email protected] mnt]# cd sdb2
[[email protected] sdb2]# ls
lost+found
[[email protected] sdb2]# cd /mnt/FAT32
[[email protected] FAT32]# ls
[[email protected] FAT32]# cd ..
[[email protected] mnt]# ls
FAT32 sdb2 //验证触发挂载成功
[[email protected] mnt]#
可以重启进行实践测试:
再此测试中登陆king用户会提示找不到/data/sdb1/home/king这个从新迁移的宿主目录但是却可以用king用户正常目录身份登陆,并且cd ~命令是可正常执行的,所以仅从达到目的的角度来说本实验算是成功了,可并不完美,有待进一步的修改。也希望有高手能帮忙解决,或给个解释,十分感谢
Linux系统的磁盘管理及分区应用