nginx location各种修饰符的匹配优先级

这作为一个备份，方便查询，毕竟nginx的强大，必然有其复杂性！

Location modifier
Nginx allows you to define location blocks by specifying a pattern that will be
matched against the requested document URI.
server {
server_name website.com;
location /admin/ {
# The configuration you place here only applies to
# http://website.com/admin/
}
}

location的匹配修饰符(modifier)有如下几种：

location [=|~|~*|^~|@] pattern { ... }

=   完全相等的匹配

~   区分大小写的带正则的匹配

~* 不区分大小写的带正则的匹配

^~ 类似无修饰符的匹配，URI一旦匹配到相关的请求（必须从URI头部开始）就停止再去匹配其他

@  命名修饰符，只能用于内部请求匹配

The = modifier
The requested document URI must match the specified pattern exactly. The pattern
here is limited to a simple literal string; you cannot use a regular expression:
server {
server_name website.com;
location = /abcd {
[…]
}
}
The configuration in the location block:
• Applies to http://website.com/abcd (exact match)
• Applies to http://website.com/ABCD (it is case-sensitive if your operating
system uses a case-sensitive filesystem)
• Applies to http://website.com/abcd?param1&param2 (regardless of query
string arguments)
• Does not apply to http://website.com/abcd/ (trailing slash)
• Does not apply to http://website.com/abcde (extra characters after the
specified pattern)

The ~ modifier
The requested URI must be a case-sensitive match to the specified regular expression:
server {
server_name website.com;
location ~ ^/abcd$ {
[…]
}
}
The ^/abcd$ regular expression used in this example specifies that the pattern
must begin (^) with /, be followed by abc, and finish ($) with d. Consequently,
the configuration in the location block:
• Applies to http://website.com/abcd (exact match)
• Does not apply to http://website.com/ABCD (case-sensitive)
• Applies to http://website.com/abcd?param1&param2 (regardless of query
string arguments)
• Does not apply to http://website.com/abcd/ (trailing slash) due to the
specified regular expression
• Does not apply to http://website.com/abcde (extra characters) due to the
specified regular expression

The ~* modifier
The requested URI must be a case-insensitive match to the specified regular expression:
server {
server_name website.com;
location ~* ^/abcd$ {
[…]
}
}
The regular expression used in the example is similar to the previous one.
Consequently, the configuration in the location block:
• Applies to http://website.com/abcd (exact match)
• Applies to http://website.com/ABCD (case-insensitive)
• Applies to http://website.com/abcd?param1&param2 (regardless of query
string arguments)
• Does not apply to http://website.com/abcd/ (trailing slash) due to the
specified regular expression
• Does not apply to http://website.com/abcde (extra characters) due to the
specified regular expression

The ^~ modifier
Similar to the no-symbol behavior, the location URI must begin with the specified
pattern. The difference is that if the pattern is matched, Nginx stops searching for
other patterns (read the section below about search order and priority).

The @ modifier
Defines a named location block. These blocks cannot be accessed by the client,
but only by internal requests generated by other directives, such as try_files or
error_page.

Search order and priority
Since it‘s possible to define multiple location blocks with different patterns, you
need to understand that when Nginx receives a request, it searches for the location
block that best matches the requested URI:
server {
server_name website.com;
location /files/ {
# applies to any request starting with "/files/"
# for example /files/doc.txt, /files/, /files/temp/
}
location = /files/ {
# applies to the exact request to "/files/"
# and as such does not apply to /files/doc.txt
# but only /files/
}
}
When a client visits http://website.com/files/doc.txt, the first location block
applies. However, when they visit http://website.com/files/, the second block
applies (even though the first one matches) because it has priority over the first one
(it is an exact match).
The order you established in the configuration file (placing the /files/ block before
the = /files/ block) is irrelevant. Nginx will search for matching patterns in a
specific order:
1. location blocks with the = modifier: If the specified string exactly matches
the requested URI, Nginx retains the location block.
2. location blocks with no modifier: If the specified string exactly matches the
requested URI, Nginx retains the location block.
3. location blocks with the ^~ modifier: If the specified string matches the
beginning of the requested URI, Nginx retains the location block.
4. location blocks with ~ or ~* modifier: If the regular expression matches the
requested URI, Nginx retains the location block.
5. location blocks with no modifier: If the specified string matches the
beginning of the requested URI, Nginx retains the location block.
In that extent, the ^~ modifier begins to make sense, and we can envision cases
where it becomes useful.

Case 1:
server {
server_name website.com;
location /doc {
[…] # requests beginning with "/doc"
}
location ~* ^/document$ {
[…] # requests exactly matching "/document"
}
}

You might wonder: when a client requests http://website.com/document, which
of these two location blocks applies? Indeed, both blocks match this request. Again,
the answer does not lie in the order in which the blocks appear in the configuration
files. In this case, the second location block will apply as the ~* modifier has
priority over the other.

Case 2:
server {
server_name website.com;
location /document {
[…] # requests beginning with "/document"
}
location ~* ^/document$ {
[…] # requests exactly matching "/document"
}
}
The question remains the same—what happens when a client sends a request
to download http://website.com/document? There is a trick here. The string
specified in the first block now exactly matches the requested URI. As a result, Nginx
prefers it over the regular expression.

Case 3:
server {
server_name website.com;
location ^~ /doc {
[…] # requests beginning with "/doc"
}
location ~* ^/document$ {
[…] # requests exactly matching "/document"
}
}
This last case makes use of the ^~ modifier. Which block applies when a client visits
http://website.com/document? The answer is the first block. The reason being
that ^~ has priority over ~*. As a result, any request with a URI beginning with /
doc will be affected to the first block, even if the request URI matches the regular
expression defined in the second block.

个人的观点，老外发明的东西或者提出的idea，最好看E文原版的资料，得到第一手的资料信息，中文翻译后，很多都比较难以考证或者不全。