oral hygiene

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_hygiene 需要翻译

三分之一成年人牙齿脱离因为严重牙周炎。Cochrane Oral Health Group指出每年2此洗牙洁牙必要证据不足，但应该定期检查。防止牙垢结石方法：经查刷牙，用牙线。牙斑结石引起牙龈炎，牙龈炎会 引起牙齿出血.平衡饮食和限制零食可以防止蛀牙.美国牙医协会称蔬菜，水果，奶酪，酸奶对牙齿有益。

刷牙前先用牙线，这样牙膏成分更容易进入牙缝。洁舌可以去除细菌产生白色和黄色层物质，细菌，真菌，也有利于牙齿

用牙刷轻轻按摩牙周，有利于牙周健康

用冲牙器可以弥补刷牙和牙线不足

口腔问题和很多慢性疾病有关：心脑血管病，细菌性肺炎，糖尿病，骨质疏松

http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=1zJhCcuvFYPFUcD9MzFjaPPcc6mzmzYfAH_UWbTARJbja9Zj-JBcoPm11TvYeizu

Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental(牙科的)problems, most commonly, dental cavities, gingivitis, and bad breath. There are also oral pathologic conditions in which good oral hygiene(卫生) is required for healing and regeneration of the oral tissues(纸巾). These conditions included gingivitis(齿龈炎), periodontitis, and dental trauma,^[1] such as subluxation,^[2] oral cysts,^[3] and following wisdom tooth extraction.

目录

• 1 Cleaning
  • 1.1 Cleaning of teeth
    • 1.1.1 Removing plaque
    • 1.1.2 Flossing
    • 1.1.3 Interdental brushes
  • 1.2 Tongue cleaning
  • 1.3 Gum care
  • 1.4 Oral irrigation
• 2 Food and drink
  • 2.1 Beneficial foods
  • 2.2 Harmful foods
• 3 Other
• 4 Oral hygiene(卫生) and systemic(系统的) diseases
• 5 See also
• 6 References
• 7 External links

Cleaning

Cleaning of teeth

See also: Tooth brushing

Teeth cleaning is the removal(免职) of dental plaque and tartar from teeth to prevent cavities, gingivitis, and gum disease. Severe(严峻的) gum disease causes at least one-third of adult tooth loss.

Tooth decay is the most common global disease. Over 80% of cavities(腔) occur inside pits(矿井)and fissures(裂缝) on chewing surfaces where brushing cannot reach food left trapped after every meal or snack, and saliva(唾液) or fluoride(氟化物) have no access to neutralise(中和) acid(酸)and remineralise demineralised(去除矿物质) teeth, unlike easy-to-reach surfaces, where fewer cavities occur.

Dental sealants, which are applied by dentists, cover and protect fissures(裂缝) and grooves(凹槽)in the chewing surfaces of back teeth, preventing food from becoming trapped thus halting(停止)the decaying(衰减的) process. An elastomer strip(带) has been shown to force sealant(密封剂)deeper inside opposing chewing surfaces and can also force fluoride(氟化物) toothpaste inside chewing surfaces to aid in remineralising demineralised(去除矿物质) teeth.^{[citation needed]}

Since before recorded history, a variety of oral hygiene(卫生) measures have been used for teeth cleaning. This has been verified(已查清的) by various excavations(挖掘) done throughout the world, in which chew sticks, tree twigs, bird feathers, animal bones and porcupine quills(大翎毛) were recovered. Many people used different forms of teeth cleaning tools. Indian medicine (Ayurveda) has used the neem tree, or daatun, and its products to create teeth cleaning twigs and similar products; a person chews one end of the neem(印度楝) twig(理解) until it somewhat resembles(类似)the bristles(猪鬃) of a toothbrush, and then uses it to brush the teeth. In the Muslim world, themiswak, or siwak, made from a twig or root, has antiseptic properties and has been widely used since the Islamic Golden Age. Rubbing baking soda or chalk against the teeth was also common.^{[citation needed]}

Generally, dentists recommend that teeth be cleaned professionally at least twice per year.^{[citation needed]} Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling, tooth polishing, and, if tartar has accumulated(累积), debridement; this is usually followed by a fluoride(氟化物)treatment. However, the American Dental(牙科的) Hygienists‘ Association (ADHA) publicly stated in 1998 that there is an absence of evidence(证据) that scaling(衡量) and polishing(擦亮) providestherapeutic(治疗的) value.^[4] The Cochrane Oral Health Group reviewed nine studies but found them to be of insufficient(不足的) quality and not enough evidence to support the claims(要求) of thebenefits(利益) of regular tooth scaling or tooth polishing.^[5]

Between cleanings by a dental hygienist(卫生学者), good oral hygiene(卫生) is essential for preventing tartar build-up which causes the problems mentioned above. This is done through careful, frequent brushing with a toothbrush, combined with the use of dental floss to preventaccumulation(积聚) of plaque(匾) on the teeth.^[6]

Removing plaque

Plaque(匾) is a yellow sticky(粘的) film that forms on the teeth and gums(口香糖) and can be seen at gum margins(边缘) of teeth with a food dye. The bacteria in plaque convert(转变)carbohydrates(碳水化合物) in food (such as sugar) into acid(酸) that demineralises(去除矿物质)teeth, eventually(最后) causing cavities(腔). Daily brushing and flossing(用牙线洁牙) removes plaque and can prevent tartar from forming on the teeth.

Plaque can also cause gum irritation(刺激) (gingivitis), making them red, tender(偿付) and cause them to bleed. In some cases, the gums pull away from the teeth (receding gums), leaving cavitiesinhabited(栖息) by bacteria and pus. If this is not treated, bones around the teeth can be destroyed.^{[citation needed]} Teeth may become loose or have to be removed due to periodontal(齿根膜的) (gum) disease, mostly in adults. Eating a balanced diet and limiting snacks can prevent toothdecay(衰退) and periodontal disease.^{[dubious – discuss]} The Fédération(配给) dentaireinternationale(国际歌) (FDI World Dental(牙科的) Federation) has promoted(晋升的) foods such as raw vegetables, plain yogurt(酸奶酪), cheese, or fruit as dentally beneficial(有益的)—this has been echoed(反射) by the American Dental Association (ADA).^[7][8]

Flossing

The use of dental floss is an important element(元素) of oral hygiene(卫生), since it removesplaque(匾) and decaying(衰减的) food remaining stuck between the teeth. This food decay and plaque cause irritation(刺激) to the gums(口香糖), allowing the gum tissue(纸巾) to bleed more easily.Acidic(酸的) foods left on the teeth can also demineralise(去除矿物质) teeth, eventually(最后)causing cavities(腔).^{[citation needed]}

Flossing(用牙线洁牙) for a proper inter-dental cleaning is recommended at least once per day,preferably(较好) before brushing so fluoride(氟化物) toothpaste has better access between teeth to help remineralise teeth,^[9] prevent receding gums, gum disease, and cavities on the surfaces between the teeth.

A dental(牙科的) hygienist(卫生学者) demonstrates(证明) dental flossing.

It is recommended to use enough floss to enable easy use, usually ten or more inches with three to four inches of taut(拉紧的) floss to put between teeth. Floss is then wrapped(包) around themiddle finger and/or index finger, and supported with the thumb on each hand. It is then held tightly to make taut, and then gently moved up and down between each tooth. It is important to floss under visible(明显的) areas by curving(弯曲) the floss around each tooth instead of moving up and down on gums(口香糖), which are much more sensitive(敏感的) than teeth. However, bleeding gums are normal upon first usage(使用) of floss, and will harden(变硬) with use.^[10]One should use an unused section of the floss(牙线) when moving around different teeth. Removing floss from between teeth requires using the same back-and-forth motion(动作) as flossing, but gently bringing the floss up and out of gaps(间隙) between teeth.

Interdental brushes

An interdental(牙齿之间的) brush, also called an interproximal(邻间的) brush or a proxy(代理人)brush, is a small brush, typically(代表性地) disposable(可任意处理的), either supplied with areusable(可重复使用的) angled(成角的) plastic handle or an integral(积分的) handle, used for cleaning between teeth and between the wire of dental(牙科的) braces(支柱) and the teeth. Brushes are available in a range of widths, color coded as per ISO 16409. Interdental brushes areclassified(分类) according to ISO standard 16409:2006. The ISO brush sizes range from 1 to 7. The ISO brush size is determined by the PHD or Passage Hole Diameter(直径) in mm. This PHD is theminimum(最小的) diameter of a hole that the interdental brush will pass through withoutdeforming(变形) the brush wire stem(干).^{[citation needed]} A peer-reviewed(同行评议) clinical(临床的) study has found that using a toothbrush and an interdental brush more effectively(有效地)removes plaque(匾) than using a toothbrush and dental floss.^[11]

Tongue cleaning

Cleaning the tongue as part of daily oral hygiene(卫生) is essential, since it removes the white/yellow bad-breath-generating coating of bacteria, decaying(衰减的) food particles(颗粒),fungi(真菌) (such as Candida), and dead cells from the dorsal(背部的) area of the tongue. Tongue cleaning also removes some of the bacteria species(物种) which generate(形成) tooth decay and gum problems.^{[citation needed]}

Gum care

Massaging the gums with toothbrush bristles(猪鬃) is generally recommended for good oral health.^{[citation needed]}

Oral irrigation

Some dental(牙科的) professionals recommend oral irrigation as a way to clean teeth and gums(口香糖).^{[12][13][14][15]}

Oral irrigators reach 3–4 mm under the gum line. Oral irrigators(灌溉车) use a pressured, directed stream of water to disrupt(破坏) plaque(匾) and bacteria.

Food and drink

Foods that help muscles(肌肉) and bones also help teeth and gums(口香糖). Breads and cereals(谷类)are rich in vitamin(维生素) B while fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C, both of whichcontribute(贡献) to healthy gum tissue(纸巾).^{[citation needed]} Lean(倾斜) meat, fish, andpoultry(家禽) provide magnesium(镁) and zinc(锌) for teeth. For some people, flossing(用牙线洁牙)might be recommended after every meal.

Beneficial foods

Some foods may protect against cavities(腔). Fluoride is a primary protector(保护器) againstdental(牙科的) cavities. Fluoride(氟化物) makes the surface of teeth more resistant(抵抗的) toacids(酸) during the process of remineralisation. Drinking fluoridated(加氟) water is recommended by some dental professionals while others say that using toothpaste alone is enough. Milk and cheese are also rich in calcium and phosphate, and may also encourage remineralisation. All foods increase saliva(唾液) production, and since saliva contains buffer(缓冲区) chemicals this helps tostabilize(稳固) the pH to near 7 (neutral(中立的)) in the mouth. Foods high in fiber may also help to increase the flow of saliva and a bolus(大丸药) of fibre like celery(芹菜) string can force saliva into trapped food inside pits(矿井) and fissures(裂缝) on chewing surfaces where over 80% of cavities occur, to dilute(稀释) carbohydrate(碳水化合物) like sugar, neutralise(中和) acid and remineralise tooth like on easy to reach surfaces.^[9] Sugar-free(无糖的) chewing gum stimulates(刺激) saliva(唾液) production, and helps to clean the surface of the teeth.^{[citation needed]}

According to World Dental,^[16] these are the top ten beneficial(有益的) foods for teeth.

1. Green tea contains polyphenol antioxidant plant compounds(化合物) that reduce plaque(匾),cavities(腔), and gum disease. Green tea may also reduce bad breath and strengthen the toothenamel(搪瓷) because of its high fluoride(氟化物) content.
2. Dairy(奶制品) foods are beneficial because of their low acidity(酸度), which reduces wear and tear on teeth. Additionally(附加的), dairy foods are high in calcium(钙), the maincomponent(成分) of teeth.
3. Cheese contains calcium and phosphate(磷酸盐), which help balance pH in the mouth,preserves(保护区) (and rebuilds) tooth enamel, produces saliva, and kills bacteria that cause cavities and disease.^[16]
4. Fruits such as apples, strawberries and kiwis(猕猴桃) contain Vitamin(维生素) C. This vitamin helps holding the cells together. If this vitamin is neglected, gum cells can break down, making gums tender and susceptible to disease.
5. Vegetables: Vitamin A, found in pumpkins, carrots, sweet potatoes and broccoli, is necessary for the formation of tooth enamel. Crunchy vegetables may also help clean gums.
6. Onions contain antibacterial sulfur compounds. Tests show that onions kill various types of bacteria, especially when eaten raw.^[16]
7. Celery protects teeth by producing saliva which neutralizes acid that causes demineralisation and cavities. It also massages the teeth and gums.
8. Sesame seeds reduce plaque and help build tooth enamel. They are also very high in calcium.^[16]
9. Animal food: beef, chicken, turkey, and eggs contain phosphorus which, with calcium, is one of the two most vital minerals of teeth and bone.
10. Water cleans the mouth and produces saliva that deposits essential minerals into the teeth. It keeps gums hydrated and washes away particles from the teeth.^[16]

Harmful foods

Sugars are commonly associated(交往) with dental(牙科的) cavities(腔). Other carbohydrates(碳水化合物), especially cooked starches(淀粉), e.g. crisps/potato chips, may also damage teeth, although to a lesser degree (and indirectly) since starch has to be converted(转变) to sugars by salivary amylase (an enzyme(酶) in the saliva) first.^{[citation needed]} Sugars that are higher in thestickiness(粘性) index, such as toffee, are likely to cause more damage to teeth than those that are lower in the stickiness index, such as certain forms of chocolate or most fruits.

Sucrose (table sugar) is most commonly associated with cavities. The amount(数量) of sugarconsumed(消耗) at any one time is less important than how often food and drinks that contain sugar are consumed. The more frequently sugars are consumed, the greater the time during which the tooth is exposed to low pH levels, at which point demineralisation(去矿化作用) occurs (below 5.5 for most people). It is important therefore to try to encourage infrequent(罕见的) consumption(消费)of food and drinks containing sugar so that teeth have a chance to be repaired by remineralisation and fluoride(氟化物). Limiting sugar-containing foods and drinks to meal times is one way to reduce the incidence(发生率) of cavities. Sugars from fruit and fruit juices, e.g., glucose,fructose, and maltose seem equally likely to cause cavities(腔).^{[citation needed]}

Acids(酸) contained in fruit juice, vinegar and soft drinks lower the pH level of the oral cavity which causes the enamel(搪瓷) to demineralize(去除矿物质). Drinking drinks such as orange juice orcola(可乐) throughout the day raises the risk(风险) of dental(牙科的) cavities tremendously(非常地).

Another factor(做代理商) which affects the risk of developing cavities is the stickiness(粘性) of foods. Some foods or sweets may stick to the teeth and so reduce the pH in the mouth for anextended(延伸的) time, particularly if they are sugary(含糖的). It is important that teeth be cleaned at least twice a day, preferably(较好) with a toothbrush and fluoride(氟化物) toothpaste, to remove any food sticking to the teeth. Regular brushing and the use of dental floss(牙线) also removes the dental plaque(匾) coating the tooth surface.

Chewing gum assists(帮助) oral irrigation between and around the teeth, cleaning and removingparticles(颗粒), but for teeth in poor condition it may damage or remove loose fillings as well. Chewing sugar free chewing gum that contains xylitol may be good for teeth.^{[citation needed]}

Other

Smoking and chewing tobacco are both strongly linked with multiple dental(牙科的) diseases.^[17]Regular vomiting(吐出), as seen in bulimia nervosa, also causes significant(重大的) damage.

Caffeine(咖啡因) products are known to cause teeth to stain(沾污), though this can usually cleaned by drinking fresh water after a caffeinated(含咖啡因的) drink and also at the dentist by surface cleaning.

Mouthwash or mouth rinse(冲洗) with saline (salty water), fluoridated solution or the antisepticchlorhexidine gluconate solution(解决方案) improve oral hygiene(卫生). Dental chewing gumsclaim(要求) to improve dental(牙科的) health.

Retainers can be cleaned in mouthwash(嗽口水) or denture(齿列) cleaning fluid(流体).^[18] Dental braces may be recommended by a dentist for best oral hygiene and health. Dentures, retainers(保持), and other appliances(器具) must be kept extremely clean. This includes regular brushing and may include soaking(浸湿) them in a cleansing(清净的) solution such as a denture cleaner.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to oral hygiene.

Oral hygiene and systemic(系统的) diseases

Several recent clinical(临床的) studies suggest oral disease and inflammation(炎症) (oral bacteria & oral infections(感染)) may be a potential(潜在的) risk(风险) factor(因素) for serioussystemic(系统的) diseases, such as:^[19][20]

• Cardiovascular(心血管的) Disease (Heart attack and Stroke)
• Bacterial Pneumonia
• Low Birth Weight/Extreme High Birth Weight
• Diabetes complications
• Osteoporosis