tensorflow之word2vec_basic代码研究

源代码网址: https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow/blob/r1.2/tensorflow/examples/tutorials/word2vec/word2vec_basic.py简书上有一篇此代码的详解，图文并茂，可直接看这篇详解: http://www.jianshu.com/p/f682066f0586

# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Basic word2vec example."""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import collections
import math
import os
import random
import zipfile

import numpy as np
from six.moves import urllib
from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
import tensorflow as tf

# Step 1: Download the data.
url = ‘http://mattmahoney.net/dc/‘

def maybe_download(filename, expected_bytes):
  """Download a file if not present, and make sure it‘s the right size."""
  if not os.path.exists(filename):
    filename, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(url + filename, filename)
  statinfo = os.stat(filename)
  if statinfo.st_size == expected_bytes:
    print(‘Found and verified‘, filename)
  else:
    print(statinfo.st_size)
    raise Exception(
        ‘Failed to verify ‘ + filename + ‘. Can you get to it with a browser?‘)
  return filename

filename = maybe_download(‘text8.zip‘, 31344016)

# Read the data into a list of strings.
def read_data(filename):
  """Extract the first file enclosed in a zip file as a list of words."""
  with zipfile.ZipFile(filename) as f:
    data = tf.compat.as_str(f.read(f.namelist()[0])).split()
  return data

vocabulary = read_data(filename)
print(‘Data size‘, len(vocabulary))

# Step 2: Build the dictionary and replace rare words with UNK token.
vocabulary_size = 50000

‘‘‘
input:
words - the original word list
n_words - the number of used words

output:
data - a list with the same length of input words
every element in the list is the value of the corresponding word in dictionary
or the position in count or dictionary
count - a matrix with n_words rows and two columns,
the first column corresponds to the word,
the second column corresponds to its frequency in input words
the first row in count is [‘UNK‘, *]
the other rows are in descending order of the sencond column
dictionary - key-value map, key is the word, value is its position in count or dictionary
reversed_dictionary - reverse the key-value in dictionary
‘‘‘

def build_dataset(words, n_words):
  """Process raw inputs into a dataset."""
  count = [[‘UNK‘, -1]]
  count.extend(collections.Counter(words).most_common(n_words - 1))
  dictionary = dict()
  for word, _ in count:
    dictionary[word] = len(dictionary)
  data = list()
  unk_count = 0
  for word in words:
    if word in dictionary:
      index = dictionary[word]
    else:
      index = 0  # dictionary[‘UNK‘]
      unk_count += 1
    data.append(index)
  count[0][1] = unk_count
  reversed_dictionary = dict(zip(dictionary.values(), dictionary.keys()))
  return data, count, dictionary, reversed_dictionary

data, count, dictionary, reverse_dictionary = build_dataset(vocabulary,
                                                            vocabulary_size)
del vocabulary  # Hint to reduce memory.
print(‘Most common words (+UNK)‘, count[:5])
print(‘Sample data‘, data[:10], [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in data[:10]])

data_index = 0

‘‘‘
convert data to batch and labels
the values in batch and labels are the positions of the corresponding words
‘‘‘

# Step 3: Function to generate a training batch for the skip-gram model.
def generate_batch(batch_size, num_skips, skip_window):
  global data_index
  assert batch_size % num_skips == 0
  assert num_skips <= 2 * skip_window
  batch = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size), dtype=np.int32)
  labels = np.ndarray(shape=(batch_size, 1), dtype=np.int32)
  span = 2 * skip_window + 1  # [ skip_window target skip_window ]
  buffer = collections.deque(maxlen=span)
  for _ in range(span):
    buffer.append(data[data_index])
    data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
  for i in range(batch_size // num_skips):
    target = skip_window  # target label at the center of the buffer
    targets_to_avoid = [skip_window]
    for j in range(num_skips):
      while target in targets_to_avoid:
        target = random.randint(0, span - 1)
      targets_to_avoid.append(target)
      batch[i * num_skips + j] = buffer[skip_window]
      labels[i * num_skips + j, 0] = buffer[target]
    buffer.append(data[data_index])
    data_index = (data_index + 1) % len(data)
  # Backtrack a little bit to avoid skipping words in the end of a batch
  data_index = (data_index + len(data) - span) % len(data)
  return batch, labels

batch, labels = generate_batch(batch_size=8, num_skips=2, skip_window=1)
for i in range(8):
  print(batch[i], reverse_dictionary[batch[i]],
        ‘->‘, labels[i, 0], reverse_dictionary[labels[i, 0]])

# Step 4: Build and train a skip-gram model.

batch_size = 128
embedding_size = 128  # Dimension of the embedding vector.
skip_window = 1       # How many words to consider left and right.
num_skips = 2         # How many times to reuse an input to generate a label.

# We pick a random validation set to sample nearest neighbors. Here we limit the
# validation samples to the words that have a low numeric ID, which by
# construction are also the most frequent.
valid_size = 16     # Random set of words to evaluate similarity on.
valid_window = 100  # Only pick dev samples in the head of the distribution.
valid_examples = np.random.choice(valid_window, valid_size, replace=False)
num_sampled = 64    # Number of negative examples to sample.

graph = tf.Graph()

with graph.as_default():

  # Input data.
  train_inputs = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size])
  train_labels = tf.placeholder(tf.int32, shape=[batch_size, 1])
  valid_dataset = tf.constant(valid_examples, dtype=tf.int32)

  # Ops and variables pinned to the CPU because of missing GPU implementation
  with tf.device(‘/cpu:0‘):

‘‘‘
Generate initial embeddings using random values
the row of the embeddings is same as vocabulary size
the column of the embeddings is the dimension of the embedding vector
each row of the embedding corresponds to the word in count or dictionary with the same row id
The below embed is the embeddings of train_inputs
‘‘‘

    # Look up embeddings for inputs.
    embeddings = tf.Variable(
        tf.random_uniform([vocabulary_size, embedding_size], -1.0, 1.0))
    embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(embeddings, train_inputs)

    # Construct the variables for the NCE loss
    nce_weights = tf.Variable(
        tf.truncated_normal([vocabulary_size, embedding_size],
                            stddev=1.0 / math.sqrt(embedding_size)))
    nce_biases = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([vocabulary_size]))

  # Compute the average NCE loss for the batch.
  # tf.nce_loss automatically draws a new sample of the negative labels each
  # time we evaluate the loss.
  loss = tf.reduce_mean(
      tf.nn.nce_loss(weights=nce_weights,
                     biases=nce_biases,
                     labels=train_labels,
                     inputs=embed,
                     num_sampled=num_sampled,
                     num_classes=vocabulary_size))

  # Construct the SGD optimizer using a learning rate of 1.0.
  optimizer = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(1.0).minimize(loss)

  # Compute the cosine similarity between minibatch examples and all embeddings.
  norm = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.square(embeddings), 1, keep_dims=True))
  normalized_embeddings = embeddings / norm
  valid_embeddings = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(
      normalized_embeddings, valid_dataset)
  similarity = tf.matmul(
      valid_embeddings, normalized_embeddings, transpose_b=True)

  # Add variable initializer.
  init = tf.global_variables_initializer()

# Step 5: Begin training.
num_steps = 100001

with tf.Session(graph=graph) as session:
  # We must initialize all variables before we use them.
  init.run()
  print(‘Initialized‘)

  average_loss = 0
  for step in xrange(num_steps):
    batch_inputs, batch_labels = generate_batch(
        batch_size, num_skips, skip_window)
    feed_dict = {train_inputs: batch_inputs, train_labels: batch_labels}

    # We perform one update step by evaluating the optimizer op (including it
    # in the list of returned values for session.run()
    _, loss_val = session.run([optimizer, loss], feed_dict=feed_dict)
    average_loss += loss_val

    if step % 2000 == 0:
      if step > 0:
        average_loss /= 2000
      # The average loss is an estimate of the loss over the last 2000 batches.
      print(‘Average loss at step ‘, step, ‘: ‘, average_loss)
      average_loss = 0

    # Note that this is expensive (~20% slowdown if computed every 500 steps)
    if step % 10000 == 0:
      sim = similarity.eval()
      for i in xrange(valid_size):
        valid_word = reverse_dictionary[valid_examples[i]]
        top_k = 8  # number of nearest neighbors
        nearest = (-sim[i, :]).argsort()[1:top_k + 1]
        log_str = ‘Nearest to %s:‘ % valid_word
        for k in xrange(top_k):
          close_word = reverse_dictionary[nearest[k]]
          log_str = ‘%s %s,‘ % (log_str, close_word)
        print(log_str)
  final_embeddings = normalized_embeddings.eval()

# Step 6: Visualize the embeddings.

def plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels, filename=‘tsne.png‘):
  assert low_dim_embs.shape[0] >= len(labels), ‘More labels than embeddings‘
  plt.figure(figsize=(18, 18))  # in inches
  for i, label in enumerate(labels):
    x, y = low_dim_embs[i, :]
    plt.scatter(x, y)
    plt.annotate(label,
                 xy=(x, y),
                 xytext=(5, 2),
                 textcoords=‘offset points‘,
                 ha=‘right‘,
                 va=‘bottom‘)

  plt.savefig(filename)

try:
  # pylint: disable=g-import-not-at-top
  from sklearn.manifold import TSNE
  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

  tsne = TSNE(perplexity=30, n_components=2, init=‘pca‘, n_iter=5000)
  plot_only = 500
  low_dim_embs = tsne.fit_transform(final_embeddings[:plot_only, :])
  labels = [reverse_dictionary[i] for i in xrange(plot_only)]
  plot_with_labels(low_dim_embs, labels)

except ImportError:
  print(‘Please install sklearn, matplotlib, and scipy to show embeddings.‘)