本篇内容
- 内置函数
- 匿名函数
- re模块
- time模块
- random模块
- os模块
- sys模块
- json与pickle模块
- shelve模块
一、 内置函数
1.定义
内置函数又被称为工厂函数。
2.常用的内置函数
(1)abs()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(abs(-1))
(2)all()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(all([1,2,‘a‘,None])) print(all([]))
(3)any()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(any([])) print(any([‘ ‘,None,False])) print(any([‘‘,None,False])) print(any([‘‘,None,False,1]))
(4)bin(),oct(),hex()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(bin(10)) print(oct(10)) print(hex(10))
(5)bytes()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei #unicode----encode----->bytes print(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘)) print(bytes(‘hello‘,encoding=‘utf-8‘))
(6)callable()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(callable(bytes)) print(callable(abs))
(7)chr(),ord()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(chr(65)) print(chr(90)) print(ord(‘#‘))
(8)int()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei x=1 print(type(x)) x=int(2) print(type(x))
complex()、float()、str()、list()、tuple()、dict()与int()同理
(9)set(),可变集合
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei s={1,2,3,4} print(type(s))
(10)frozenset(),不可变集合
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei s1=frozenset({1,2,3,4}) print(type(s1))
(11)dir()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import sys #sys.path # sys.argv print(dir(sys))
(12)divmod()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(divmod(10,3)) print(divmod(102,20))
(13)enumerate()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei l=[‘a‘,‘b‘,‘c‘] res=enumerate(l) for i in res: print(i) for index,item in enumerate(l): print(index,item)
(14)globals(),locals(),查看全局作用域和局部作用域
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(globals())
(15)hash()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(hash(‘abcdefg123‘)) print(hash(‘abcdefg123‘))
(16)help()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei def func(): ‘‘‘ test function :return: ‘‘‘ pass print(help(func))
(17)id(),是python解释器实现的功能,只是反映了变量在内存的地址,但并不是真实的内存地址
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei x=1 print(id(x)) def func(): pass print(id(func)) print(func)
(18)isinstance()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei x=1 print(type(x) is int) print(isinstance(x,int))
(19)max(),min()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(max([1,2,3,10])) print(max([‘a‘,‘b‘])) print(min([1,2,3,10]))
(20)pow()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(pow(3,2,2)) #3**2%2
(21)repr(),str()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(type(str(1))) print(type(repr(1)))
(22)reversed()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei l=[1,‘a‘,2,‘c‘] print(list(reversed(l))) print(l)
(23)slice()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei l=[1,2,3,4,5,6] print(l[0:4:2]) s=slice(0,4,2) print(l[s])
(24)sorted()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei l=[1,10,4,3,-1] print(sorted(l,reverse=True))
(25)sum()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(sum([1, 2,3])) print(sum(i for i in range(10)))
(26)vars()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import m1 print(vars(m1) == m1.__dict__)
(27)zip()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei s=‘helloss‘ l=[1,2,3,4,5] print(list(zip(s,l)))
(28)__import__()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import sys m_name=input(‘module>>: ‘) if m_name == ‘sys‘: m=__import__(m_name) print(m) print(m.path) sys=__import__(‘sys‘) print(sys)
(29)round()
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei print(round(3.565,2)) print(round(3.555,2))
二、 匿名函数
1.定义
匿名函数:
(1)没有名字。
(2)函数体自带return。
匿名函数的应用场景:
应用于一次性的场景,临时使用。
2.使用
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei def func(x,y,z=1): return x+y+z print(func) print(func(1,2,3)) print(lambda x,y,z=1:x+y+z) f=lambda x,y,z=1:x+y+z print(f) print(f(1,2,3))
三、 re模块
(1)
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re print(re.findall(‘\w‘,‘hello_ | yanglei 123‘)) print(re.findall(‘\W‘,‘hello_ | yanglei 123‘)) print(re.findall(‘\s‘,‘hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘\S‘,‘hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘\d‘,‘hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘\D‘,‘hello_ | yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘h‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘\Ahe‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘^he‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t‘)) print(re.findall(‘123\Z‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123‘)) print(re.findall(‘123$‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123‘)) print(re.findall(‘\n‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123‘)) print(re.findall(‘\t‘,‘hello_ | hello h yanglei 123 \n \t123‘))
(2). [] [^]
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re #.本身代表任意一个字符 print(re.findall(‘a.c‘,‘a a1c a*c a2c abc a c aaaaaac aacc‘)) #[]内部可以有多个字符,但是本身只配多个字符中的一个 print(re.findall(‘a[0-9][0-9]c‘,‘a a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc‘,re.S)) print(re.findall(‘a[a-zA-Z]c‘,‘aac abc aAc a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc‘,re.S)) print(re.findall(‘a[^a-zA-Z]c‘,‘aac abc aAc a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc‘,re.S)) print(re.findall(‘a[\+\/\*\-]c‘,‘a-c a+c a/c aac abc aAc a12c a1c a*c a2c a c a\nc‘,re.S))
(3)\:转义
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re print(re.findall(r‘a\\c‘,‘a\c abc‘))
(4)? * + {}:左边有几个字符,如果有的话,贪婪匹配
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re #?左边那一个字符有0个或者1个 print(re.findall(‘ab?‘,‘aab a ab aaaa‘)) #*左边那一个字符有0个或者无穷个 print(re.findall(‘ab*‘,‘a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb‘)) print(re.findall(‘ab{0,}‘,‘a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb‘)) #+左边那一个字符有1个或者无穷个 print(re.findall(‘ab+‘,‘a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb‘)) print(re.findall(‘ab{1,}‘,‘a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb‘)) #{n,m}左边的字符有n-m次 print(re.findall(‘ab{3}‘,‘a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb‘)) print(re.findall(‘ab{2,3}‘,‘a ab abb abbb abbbb bbbbbb‘))
(5).* .*?
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re #.*贪婪匹配 print(re.findall(‘a.*c‘,‘a123c456c‘)) #.*?非贪婪匹配 print(re.findall(‘a.*?c‘,‘a123c456c‘))
(6)|
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re print(re.findall(‘company|companies‘,‘Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company‘)) print(re.findall(‘compan|companies‘,‘Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company‘))
(7)():分组
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re print(re.findall(‘ab+‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘ab+123‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘ab‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(ab)‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(a)b‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘a(b)‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(ab)+‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(?:ab)+‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(ab)+123‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(?:ab)+123‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘(ab)+(123)‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.findall(‘compan(y|ies)‘,‘Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company‘)) print(re.findall(‘compan(?:y|ies)‘,‘Too many companies have gone bankrupt, and the next one is my company‘))
(8)re的其他方法
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import re print(re.findall(‘ab‘,‘abababab123‘)) print(re.search(‘ab‘,‘abababab123‘).group()) print(re.search(‘ab‘,‘12aasssdddssssssss3‘)) print(re.search(‘ab‘,‘12aasssdddsssssssab3sssssss‘).group()) print(re.search(‘ab‘,‘123ab456‘)) print(re.match(‘ab‘,‘123ab456‘)) print(re.split(‘b‘,‘abcde‘)) print(re.split(‘[ab]‘,‘abcde‘)) print(re.sub(‘xiaolan‘,‘xiaohong‘,‘xiaolan make love xiaolan xiaolan‘,1)) print(re.subn(‘xiaolan‘,‘xiaohong‘,‘xiaolan make love xiaolan xiaolan‘,1)) print(re.sub(‘(\w+)(\W+)(\w+)(\W+)(\w+)‘,r‘\5\2\3\4\1‘,‘Toms make love‘)) print(re.sub(‘(\w+)( .* )(\w+)‘,r‘\3\2\1‘,‘Toms make love‘)) obj=re.compile(‘\d{2}‘) print(obj.search(‘abc123eeee‘).group()) print(obj.findall(‘abc123eeee‘))
四、time模块
模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import time print(time.time()) print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘)) print(time.localtime()) print(time.gmtime()) #UTC print(time.localtime().tm_mon) print(time.localtime(123123123)) print(time.gmtime(123123123)) print(time.mktime(time.localtime())) print(time.strftime(‘%Y‘,time.gmtime())) ‘2017-03-01‘ print(time.strptime(‘2017-03-01‘,‘%Y-%m-%d‘)) print(time.ctime(12312312)) print(time.asctime(time.gmtime()))
五、random模块
1.模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import random print(random.sample([1,‘23‘,[4,5]],2)) print(random.uniform(1,3)) item=[1,3,5,7,9] random.shuffle(item) print(item)
2. 生成秘钥应用
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import random def make_code(n): res=‘‘ for i in range(n): s1=str(random.randint(0,9)) s2=chr(random.randint(65,90)) res+=random.choice([s1,s2]) return res print(make_code(10))
六、os模块
模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import os print(os.listdir(‘.‘)) print(os.stat(‘m1.py‘).st_size) print(os.sep) print(os.linesep) print(os.pathsep) print([os.sep,os.linesep,os.pathsep]) res=os.system(‘dir .‘) print(‘====?>‘,res) print(os.path.dirname(r‘C:\a\b\c\d\a.txt‘)) print(os.path.basename(r‘C:\a\b\c\d\a.txt‘)) print(os.path.split(r‘C:\a\b\c\d\a.txt‘)) print(os.stat(‘m1.py‘).st_atime) print(os.stat(‘m1.py‘).st_size) print(os.path.getsize(‘m1.py‘)) print(os.path.join(‘C:\\‘,‘a‘,‘b‘,‘c‘,‘d.txt‘)) print(os.path.join(‘C:\\‘,‘a‘,‘b‘,‘D:\\‘,‘c‘,‘d.txt‘)) print(os.path.normcase(‘c:/wiNdows\\system32\\‘) ) print(os.path.normpath(‘c://wIndows\\System32\\../Temp/‘) ) a=‘/Users/jieli/test1/\\\a1/\\\\aa.py/../..‘ print(os.path.normpath(a)) print(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))) BASE_DIR=os.path.normpath(os.path.join( os.path.abspath(__file__), ‘..‘, ‘..‘ ) ) print(BASE_DIR)
七、sys模块
模拟进度条应用
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import sys,time def progress(percent,width=50): #51 if percent >= 100: # print(‘\r[%s] 100%%‘ %(width*‘#‘)) percent=100 show_str=(‘[%%-%ds]‘ %width) %(int(width*percent/100)*‘#‘) print(‘\r%s %d%%‘ %(show_str,percent),file=sys.stdout,flush=True,end=‘‘) # total_size=1025121 recv_size=0 while recv_size < total_size: time.sleep(0.01) #模拟下载的网络延迟 recv_size+=1024 recv_per=int(100*recv_size/total_size) progress(recv_per,width=10)
八、json与pickle模块
(1)json
应用平台广泛
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import json dic={‘name‘:‘yanglei‘,‘age‘:23} print(type(json.dumps(dic))) with open(‘a.json‘,‘w‘) as f: f.write(json.dumps(dic)) with open(‘a.json‘,‘r‘) as f: data=f.read() dic=json.loads(data) print(dic[‘name‘]) dic={‘name‘:‘yanglei‘,‘age‘:23} json.dump(dic,open(‘b.json‘,‘w‘)) print(json.load(open(‘b.json‘,‘r‘))[‘name‘]) with open(‘c.json‘,‘r‘) as f: data=f.read() #[null,true,false,1] eval(data)
(2)pickle
只对python有效
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import pickle dic={‘name‘:‘yanglei‘,‘age‘:23} print(pickle.dumps(dic)) with open(‘d.pkl‘,‘wb‘) as f: f.write(pickle.dumps(dic)) with open(‘d.pkl‘,‘rb‘) as f: dic=pickle.loads(f.read()) print(dic[‘name‘]) dic={‘name‘:‘yanglei‘,‘age‘:23} pickle.dump(dic,open(‘e.pkl‘,‘wb‘)) print(pickle.load(open(‘e.pkl‘,‘rb‘))[‘name‘]) def func(): print(‘from func‘) import json print(json.dumps(func)) import pickle print(pickle.dumps(func)) pickle.dump(func,open(‘func.pkl‘,‘wb‘))
九、shelve模块
模块方法
#!/usr/binl/env python #encoding: utf-8 #author: YangLei import shelve f=shelve.open(r‘sheve.shl‘) f[‘yanglei‘]={‘age‘:23,‘pwd‘:‘123456‘} f[‘xiaolan‘]={‘age‘:18,‘pwd‘:‘123456‘} f.close() obj=shelve.open(r‘sheve.shl‘) print(obj[‘yanglei‘]) print(obj[‘xiaolan‘]) obj.close() for i in obj: print(i,obj[i])
时间: 2024-10-27 12:32:08