Request库使用教程
相比于urllib更加简便易用的HTTP库。
Requests
GET请求:只需要向requests.get()
方法中传入相应的url即可以实现GET请求并获得Response。POST请求使用requests.post()
方法实现代码如下:
#GET请求
import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(response)
#POST请求
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.text)
requests库中提供更简便的传入参数的方法,将一个字典形式的参数传递给params参数就能直接实现在url中添加参数。POST请求的DataForm也可以直接这样设置具体代码如下:
# GET请求
import requests
data = {
'name': 'germey',
'age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)
# POST请求
import requests
data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.json())
设置headers:直接将headers信息传入get()
函数相应的参数中即可,POST请求headers设置方法相同(相应代码见上一个代码块)代码如下:
import requests
headers = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)
Response
- json解析:requests库提供了简单易用的json解析方式,如果Response返回为json格式,
.json()
方法能直接将Request保存成json格式,这与使用json.loads()
函数效果完全一样。代码如下:import requests import json response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get") print(type(response.text)) print(response.json())#使用json方法解析 print(json.loads(response.text))#使用loads方法转化为json,与上一行比较返回结果一样。 print(type(response.json()))
- 获取二进制数据:想要从网页获取图片和视频等数据需要使用
.content
方法,然后将使用文件保存操作将内容保存到本地。代码如下:
import requests
response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")#通过传入URL下载图片
print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)#文件的二进制编码,与urllib库一样。
with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:#保存文件
f.write(response.content)
f.close()
- 状态码:使用
.status_code()
方法可以获得服务器返回的状态码,每一个状态码都对应一种状态,对应情况见下表:
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '?'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '?'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
可以通过这些状态码获取服务器状态,
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/hello.html')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')#方法一:使用状态码对应的信息进行验证。
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')
#使用状态码值进行验证
#其实我不理解这两种方法的语法结构
#我看了一下官方文档,如果发送了一个错误请求(一个 4XX 客户端错误,或者 5XX 服务器错误响应),我们可以通过 Response.raise_for_status() 来抛出异常:
import requests
bad_r = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(bad_r.status_code)
bad_r.raise_for_status()
高级操作
- 文件上传
import requests
#用open方法打开图片,储存到file中,保存到字典files中。
files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')}
#发送Request时将其传入对应的参数中
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)#获取并打印结果
- cookies:requests库中提供了
.cookies
方法获取cookies,得到的cookies为json格式。
import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(response.cookies)#可以直接导出cookie不需要先声明CookieJar类,更简单。
for key, value in response.cookies.items():#打印json格式的cookies
print(key + '=' + value)
通过cookies可以实现模拟登陆, 需要注意的是,模拟对话必须在同一次调用进行 如果需要多次调用,requests中提供了Session类,实现在同一次对话中发起多次请求。
import requests
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')#设置cookies
#一次请求并获取反馈
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.text)
#多次请求
s = requests.Session()
s.get(url, cookies=cookies)
response = s.get(url)
print(response.text)
- 证书验证:在爬去HTTPS网站时,浏览器会首先检测证书是否合法,如果证书有问题会直接抛出SSLError,程序会终止。为了避免此类情况,可以选择不验证,不验证证书会发出警告,可以使用代码消除,代码如下:
import requests
#消除警告操作
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
#verify参数设置为False,不验证
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)
- 代理设置:将代理信息保存在字典中,并传入相应参数中即可,代码如下:
import requests
#http代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:[email protected]:9743/",
"https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}#如果代理有密码,可以在域名前进行设置,用冒号分割。
proxies = {
'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742'
}#如果使用SSR代理,需要提前安装'requests[socks]',如上设置即可
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)
- 超时处理:为访问指定时间, 为了捕获Timeout异常,需要找到Timeout属于哪一个类。
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:#Timeout属于ReadTimeout异常类
print('Timeout')
- 认证设置:有些网站 访问时 会就会有认证,不通过验证无法打开页面那种。在auth中传入元组类型用户名和密码即可。
import requests
r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)
- 异常处理:实例:
import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
print('Error')
- 其他功能
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)
print(response.text)#与urllib库中的response.read()功能相同
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/lizhe-Ning/p/11710617.html
时间: 2024-10-12 19:01:36