1. grep最简单的用法,匹配一个词:grep word filename
2. 能够从多个文件里匹配:grep word filename1 filenam2 filename3
3. 能够使用正則表達式匹配:grep -E pattern f1 f2 f3...
4. 能够使用-o仅仅打印匹配的字符,例如以下所看到的:
[email protected]:command$ echo this is a line. | grep -E -o "[a-z]*\." line.
5. 打印除匹配行之外的其它行,使用-v
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1\n2\n3\n4" | grep -v -E "[1-2]" 3 4
6. 统计匹配字符串的行数。使用-c
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222" | grep -E "[1-2]" -c 2
7. 假设我们统计字符串模式匹配的次数。能够结合-o和-c。例如以下:
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222" | grep -o -E "[1-2]" | wc -l 8
8. 假设须要显示行号,能够打开-n,例如以下:
[email protected]:command$ echo -e "1111\n2222\n33333\n44444" | grep -n -E "3" 3:33333
9. -b选项能够打印出匹配的字符串想对于其所在的行起始位置的偏移量(从0開始)。通常配合-o使用,例如以下:
[email protected]:command$ echo "0123456789" | grep -b -o 4 4:4
10. 当字符串在多个文件里匹配时。-l选项将仅仅打印文件名称
11. -L与-l相对。仅仅打印不匹配的文件名称
[email protected]:command$ cat test1.txt linux is fun [email protected]:command$ cat test2.txt a very popular os, linux [email protected]:command$ cat test3.txt what the fxxk [email protected]:command$ grep -l linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test1.txt test2.txt [email protected]:command$ grep -L linux test1.txt test2.txt test3.txt test3.txt
12. 打开递归搜索功能
[email protected]:command$ grep -n -R linux . ./test2.txt:5:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux
13. 忽略大写和小写:-i
[email protected]:command$ echo "HELLO WORLD" | grep -i "hello" HELLO WORLD
14. 匹配多个字符串模式
[email protected]:command$ echo "This is a line." | grep -e "This" -e "is" -e "line" -o This is line
15. 用单独的文件提供匹配样式,每一个匹配的样式作为一行,例如以下例所看到的:
[email protected]:command$ cat pattern.txt 1$ 2 3 [email protected]:command$ cat num.txt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [email protected]:command$ grep -f pattern.txt num.txt 1 2 3
16. 打印匹配行上下文信息,使用 -A n打印匹配行及其后n行信息。使用-B n打印匹配行及其前n行信息。使用 -C n。打印匹配行及其前后n行信息。假设有多重匹配,将使用--隔离。
示比例如以下:
[email protected]:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -A 3 5 6 7 8 [email protected]:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -B 3 2 3 4 5 [email protected]:command$ seq 1 10 | grep 5 -C 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 [email protected]:command$ echo -e "a\nb\nc\nd\na\nb\nc\nd\n" | grep a -A 2 a b c -- a b c
17. 使用-q进入静默模式,该模式下。grep命令执行目的不过执行一个条件測试。通常在脚本中使用。通过检查其返回值进行下一步操作。示比例如以下:
[email protected]:command$ cat tmp.txt hello world [email protected]:command$ cat tmp.csh #!/bin/bash if [ $# -ne 2 ]; then echo "Usage: $0 match_pattern file_name" exit fi match=$1 file=$2 grep -q $match $file if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then echo "$match not exist in $file" else echo "$match exist in $file" fi [email protected]:command$ ./tmp.csh hello tmp.txt hello exist in tmp.txt
18. -Z选项在输出匹配文件名称时将以/0结尾配合xargs -0能够发挥非常多作用,比如删除匹配某个模式的文件例如以下:
[email protected]:command$ ls -llrt total 28 -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 13 Nov 1 20:38 test1.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 27 Nov 1 20:39 test2.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 14 Nov 1 20:39 test3.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 21 Nov 1 20:45 num.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 7 Nov 1 20:45 pattern.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 lichao lichao 12 Nov 1 21:25 tmp.txt -rwxr-xr-x 1 lichao lichao 217 Nov 1 21:27 tmp.csh [email protected]:command$ cat test1.txt linux is fun [email protected]:command$ cat test2.txt a very popular os, linux [email protected]:command$ grep "linux" * -lZ | xargs -0 rm [email protected]:command$ ls num.txt pattern.txt test3.txt tmp.csh tmp.txt
以上命令将包括linux字符串的test1.txt和test2.txt删除。
19. 排除/包含文件或者文件夹:1)--include *{.c,.cpp} 仅仅在文件夹中搜索.c和.cpp文件;2)--exclude "README" 排除全部README文件 3) --include-dir 仅在某些文件夹中搜索 4) --exclude-dir 排除某些文件夹 5) --exclude-from FILE 从文件FILE中读取须要排除的文件列表
[email protected]:test$ ls dir1 dir2 exclude.config test1.txt test2.doc test3.word [email protected]:test$ cat test1.txt linux is fun [email protected]:test$ cat test2.doc wonderful os, linux [email protected]:test$ cat test3.word wonderful os, linux [email protected]:test$ ls dir1/ test1.txt test2.doc test3.word [email protected]:test$ ls dir2/ test1.txt test2.doc test3.word [email protected]:test$ cat exclude.config *.txt [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux ./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir1/test3.word:3:linux ./dir1/test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --include *.txt --include *.doc ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux ./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir1/test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude *.txt --eclude *.doc grep: unrecognized option ‘--eclude‘ Usage: grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]... Try ‘grep --help‘ for more information. [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude *.txt --exclude *.doc ./test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir1/test3.word:3:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-dir dir1 ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-dir dir1 --exclude-dir dir2 ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./test1.txt:1:linux [email protected]:test$ grep "linux" -R -n . --exclude-from exclude.config ./test2.doc:3:linux ./test3.word:3:linux ./dir2/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir2/test3.word:3:linux ./dir1/test2.doc:3:linux ./dir1/test3.word:3:linux
已上即为grep经常使用的选项。
注意:转载请注明出处。