先来看一下代码:
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.testStr = @"String initial complete"; [self performSelector:@selector(changeStr) withObject:nil afterDelay:0.5]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH, 0), ^{ NSLog(@"before sleep %@",self.testStr); sleep(3); NSLog(@"after sleep %@",self.testStr); }); } - (void)changeStr{ self.testStr = @"String has changed"; }
执行结果:
2016-10-14 09:11:40.525 线程安全测试[49097:11809626] before sleep String initial complete 2016-10-14 09:11:43.598 线程安全测试[49097:11809626] after sleep String has changed
会发现在异步执行中如果testStr改变了,那么异步线程里的testStr也会改变这样就没法保证异步对资源独占操作
如果在异步block里创建一个str赋值如下代码:
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.testStr = @"String initial complete"; [self performSelector:@selector(changeStr) withObject:nil afterDelay:0.5]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH, 0), ^{ NSString *str = self.testStr; NSLog(@"before sleep %@",str); sleep(3); NSLog(@"after sleep %@",str); }); } - (void)changeStr{ self.testStr = @"String has changed"; }
执行结果:
2016-10-14 09:15:09.785 线程安全测试[49319:11822894] before sleep String initial complete 2016-10-14 09:15:12.786 线程安全测试[49319:11822894] after sleep String initial complete
这样新的string就不会受到外部改变的影响,但是如果在这个赋值时刻self.asStr已变成野指针那么后面的操作还是会出错,虽然这样情况不是那么容易出现。
如何防止这种情况呢,可以看看下面的代码:
- (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; self.testStr = @"String initial complete"; [self performSelector:@selector(changeStr) withObject:nil afterDelay:0.5]; __weak __typeof(self.testStr) weakString = self.testStr; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH, 0), ^{ __strong __typeof(weakString) strongString = weakString; if(strongString) { NSLog(@"before sleep %@",strongString); sleep(3); NSLog(@"after sleep %@",strongString); } }); } - (void)changeStr{ self.testStr = @"String has changed"; }
执行结果:
2016-10-14 09:18:40.320 线程安全测试[49541:11835480] before sleep String initial complete 2016-10-14 09:18:43.388 线程安全测试[49541:11835480] after sleep String initial complete
weakString会在self.asStr释放时置为nil,如果不是nil时,能够确保对象在block调用的完整周期里面被retain,如果被抢占对strongString的执行会继续并且会产生一样的值,如果strongString执行到时是nil,那么block不能正确执行前已经返回,这样就不会出现先前那样的问题。
还可以用锁来保证多个线程对一份资源在操作时不会被更改
#import "ViewController.h" #include <pthread.h> @interface ViewController () { pthread_mutex_t _mutex; } @property (nonatomic, copy)NSString *testStr; @end @implementation ViewController - (void)viewDidLoad { [super viewDidLoad]; pthread_mutex_init(&_mutex, NULL); self.testStr = @"String initial complete"; [self performSelector:@selector(changeStr) withObject:nil afterDelay:0.5]; dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH, 0), ^{ pthread_mutex_lock(&_mutex); NSLog(@"before sleep %@",self.testStr); sleep(3); NSLog(@"after sleep %@",self.testStr); pthread_mutex_unlock(&_mutex); }); } - (void)changeStr{ pthread_mutex_lock(&_mutex); self.testStr = @"string has changed"; pthread_mutex_unlock(&_mutex); } - (void)dealloc { pthread_mutex_destroy(&_mutex); } @end
执行结果:
2016-10-14 09:22:57.194 线程安全测试[49824:11850779] before sleep String initial complete 2016-10-14 09:23:00.269 线程安全测试[49824:11850779] after sleep String initial complete
在RAC中使用的是OSSpinLock来保证线程安全的,不过几位苹果工程师在swift-dev邮件列表中讨论weak属性的线程安全问题的邮件里爆出自旋锁有bug,邮件地址:https://lists.swift.org/pipermail/swift-dev/Week-of-Mon-20151214/000372.html。大概就是不同优先级线程调度算法会有优先级反转问题,比如低优先级获锁访问资源,高优先级尝试访问时会等待,这时低优先级又没法争过高优先级导致任务无法完成lock释放不了。也可以看看ReactiveCo社区的讨论https://github.com/ReactiveCocoa/ReactiveCocoa/issues/2619
本来OSSpinLock是性能最高的锁,但是由于如果不在同一个优先级线程进行锁操作就不能保证安全,那么dispatch_semaphore和pthread_mutex这种仅次于自旋锁的可以作为替代方案。我注意到facebook的KVOController在2016年5月17日时的一个Commit里将所有OSSpinLock替换成了pthread_mutex,可参看这个commithttps://github.com/facebook/KVOController/commit/4f5c329b26f48b151eed82da085288763e2e1761。pthread_mutex会在新系统中性能得到很大的提升,所以可以考虑这个方案。