10.1 负载均衡的概念
- 对用户请求的数据进行调度的作用
- 对用户访问的请求网站可以进行压力的分担
10.2 常见的代理方式
10.2.1 正向代理
10.2.2 反向代理
10.3 负载均衡的部署环节
10.3.1 服务器的准备
lb01服务器:172.16.1.5
web01服务器:172.16.1.7
web02服务器:172.16.1.8
10.3.2 服务器环境的准备
10.3.2.1 web服务器的配置(172.16.1.7,172.16.1.8)
[[email protected] ~] # cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.oldboy.com;
location / {
root /html/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
?
[[email protected] conf.d] # cd /html/????????????????????创建站点目录
[[email protected] html] # mkdir -p www
[[email protected] html] # cd www
[[email protected] www] # echo "$(hostname -i) www.oldboy.com" > index.html
?
[[email protected] www] # systemctl restart nginx
10.3.2.1.2 出现启动失败
- 查看nginx -t查看语法是否出错
- 查看/etc/nginx/nginx.conf看下是不是include没有加载www.conf导致的
10.3.2.3 web服务器测试是否成功
[[email protected] www] # curl 10.0.0.7
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com????????????????????????已经成功
?
[[email protected] www] # curl 10.0.0.8
172.16.1.8 www.oldboy.com
10.3.2.2 lb01服务器的配置
10.3.2.2.1 安装nginx,并且查看版本是不是最新版本
[[email protected] ~] # yum -y install nginx????????安装nginx
?
[[email protected] ~] # nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.16.1????????????????版本信息
10.3.2.2.2 编辑负载均衡配置文件
[[email protected] ~] # cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf ????????????????编辑配置文件
upstream oldboy {????????????????????????????设置集群名称
server 172.16.1.7:80;????????????????????????指定具体的集群中的服务器主机信息
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;????????????????????????使用http协议来进行集群中的服务器代理
}
}
[[email protected] conf.d] # nginx -t????????????????????检查语法是
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[[email protected] conf.d] # systemctl restart nginx????????????重启nginx服务
10.3.2.2.3 查看代理是否成功(linux界面)
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.7
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.8
172.16.1.8 www.oldboy.com
10.3.2.2.4 查看代理是否成功(浏览器界面)
10.4 nginx实现负载均衡模块
10.4.1 按照比列进行分配(默认不加指令信息为1:1)
10.4.1.1 应用场景
多台web服务器性能不同的时候使用
10.4.1.2 weight指定的使用
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
server 172.16.1.7:80 weight=4;????????????????????2
server 172.16.1.8:80 weight=2;????????????????????1
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
}
}
?
[[email protected] conf.d] # nginx -t????????????????检查语法是否正确
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[[email protected] conf.d] # systemctl restart nginx????????重启nginx
10.4.1.3 查看是否分配成功
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.8 www.oldboy.com????????????????????一次8
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com????????????????????2次7
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com????????????????????2次7
10.4.2 负载均衡健康检查功能
10.4.2.1 应用场景
应用在某台服务器出现故障不能进行处理前端发过来的请求的时候
10.4.2.2 指令的使用
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=60s;????????设置最大失败次数为3次,超时时间为60s
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
}
}
10.4.2.3 查看是否成功
10.4.2.3.1 172.16.1.8服务器nginx停止
[[email protected] www] # systemctl stop nginx
10.4.2.3.2 查看现在的现象
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5????????????????????只会给7分配
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
^[[A172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
10.4.2.3.3 将172.16.1.8开启
[[email protected] www] # systemctl start nginx
10.4.2.3.4 再次查看
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5????????????????发现7,8都会分配
172.16.1.8 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.8 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] #
?
10.4.3 热备的使用
10.4.3.1 应用场景
正常的服务器出现了问题,热备服务器就会工作,正常服务器好了,热备就不需要了
?
- 上面的理解可能不好懂
- 可以这样理解,男生和女生谈恋爱,女孩子可能有备胎,在他和她的现任出现了问题以后,备胎就会启动作用,来继续维持,当男朋友和她和好了,备胎自然就不需要了,可以去歇歇了
10.4.3.2 backup指令的使用
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
server 172.16.1.7:80
server 172.16.1.8:80 backup;????????????????????????假如8服务器当做热备
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
}
}
?
[[email protected] conf.d] # nginx -t????????????????检查语法是否正确
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[[email protected] conf.d] # systemctl restart nginx????????重启nginx
10.4.3.3 查看是否成功
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5????????????????现在只有7在工作,只有7坏了,8才会工作
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
172.16.1.7 www.oldboy.com
[[email protected] conf.d] # curl 10.0.0.5
10.4.4 按照连接数进行分配
10.4.4.1 应用场景
企业中出现某台服务器的负载压力一直很高的情况下
10.4.4.2 指令信息的使用
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
least_conn;????????????????????按照连接数进行分配
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
}
}
10.4.5 按照ip_hash数值进行负载均衡
10.4.5.1 应用场景
出现在web网站界面反复登录的情况
指定某个客户端访问某个web服务器
10.4.5.2 指令ip_hash的使用
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
ip_hash;????
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
}
}
10.5 通过负载均衡实现访问不同的界面信息
10.5.1 web服务器的准备(172.16.1.7,172.16.1.8)
[[email protected] conf.d] # cat *.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name bbs.oldboy.com;????????????????bbs网站的配置
location / {
root /html/bbs;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name blog.oldboy.com;????????????????????blog网站的配置
location / {
root /html/blog;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.oldboy.com;????????????????????????www网站的配置
location / {
root /html/www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
[[email protected] conf.d] #
?
[[email protected] conf.d] # cd /html/
[[email protected] html] # mkdir -p blog bbs????????????????创建bbs,blog站点目录
?
[[email protected] html] # cd /html/blog/
[[email protected] blog] # echo "$(hostname -i) blog.oldboy.com" > index.html????????????添加内容????
[[email protected] blog] # cd ..
[[email protected] html] # cd bbs
[[email protected] bbs] # echo "$(hostname -i) bbs.oldboy.com" > index.html????????????添加内容
[[email protected] bbs] # cd ../
[[email protected] html] # cd www
[[email protected] www] # echo "$(hostname -i) www.oldboy.com" > index.html????????添加内容
[[email protected] www] #
?
[[email protected] nginx] # systemctl restart nginx????????????????????????????????重启nginx
[[email protected] nginx] # nginx -t????????????????????????????????????检查nginx语法
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[[email protected] nginx] #
10.5.2 负载均衡的验证
- 发现不管使用什么域名访问只会出现www站点的内容信息
10.5.3 出现这种问题的原因
10.5.3.1 使用wireshark抓http包分析
10.5.3.1.1 抓包工具的使用
10.5.3.1.2 使用vmnat8口来进行抓包
10.5.3.1.3 选择http进行抓包
10.5.3.1.4 开始分析http包
10.5.4 解决办法
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=60s;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
proxy_set_header Host $host;????????????????设置不同域名可以通过负载均衡访问不同网站的内容
}
}
?
????
[[email protected] conf.d] # systemctl restart nginx????????重启nginx服务
[[email protected] conf.d] # nginx -t????????????????检查nginx语法的正确性
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[[email protected] conf.d] #
10.5.5 再次验证是否成功
10.6 实现日志可以知道是哪位客户端访问的日志信息
10.6.1 目前的现象
172.16.1.5 - - [02/Dec/2019:13:39:43 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 26 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/78.0.3904.108 Safari/537.36" "-"
- 上述发现只能知道是负载均衡分配过来的信息,不知道客户端是谁
10.6.2 问题的原因
出现此类问题是因为负载均衡服务器没有将客户端的访问地址告诉web服务器造成的
10.6.3 问题的解决
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=60s;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;????????????????加入远程需要添加的代理信息
}
}
10.6.4 再次查看
172.16.1.5 - - [02/Dec/2019:13:52:01 +0800] "POST /wp-admin/admin-ajax.php HTTP/1.0" 404 555 "http://blog.oldboy.com/wp-admin/post.php?post=5&action=edit" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/78.0.3904.108 Safari/537.36" "10.0.0.1"????成功
10.7 页面上出现错误怎么健康检查
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream oldboy {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
server 172.16.1.8:80 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=60s;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_pass http://oldboy;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_403 http_502;????????设置上出现错误代码的指令信息
}
}
10.8 负载均衡实现动静分离
10.8.1 环境的准备
10.8.1.1 172.16.1.7环境的准备
[[email protected] ~] # cd /html/www/
[[email protected] www] # ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Dec 2 11:12 index.html
[[email protected] www] # echo "static.oldboy.com" > index.html????????????添加测试静态数据
10.8.1.2 172.16.1.8环境的准备
[[email protected] ~] # cd /html/www/
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[[email protected] www] # ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Dec 2 11:08 index.html
[[email protected] www] # echo "dynamic oldboy.com" > index.html????????添加测试动态数据
10.8.1.3 负载均衡的环境的准备
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream static_oldboy {????????????????????创建静态集群
server 172.16.1.7:80;
}
upstream dynamic_oldboy {????????????????????创建动态集群
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location ~* /static_oldboy {????????????????????代理静态网站
proxy_pass http://static_oldboy;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
}
location ~* /dynamic_oldboy {
proxy_pass http://dynamic_oldboy;????????????????代理动态网站
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
}
}
????
[[email protected] conf.d] # nginx -t????????????????????检查语法信息
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[[email protected] conf.d] # systemctl restart nginx????????????重启nginx服务
[[email protected] conf.d] #
10.8.2 查看是否成功
10.9 负载均衡实现访问不同的终端显示不一样的H5界面
10.9.1 环境的准备
10.9.1.1 172.16.1.7(iphone)的环境准备
[[email protected] ~] # cd /html/www/
[[email protected] www] # echo "iphone.oldboy.com" > index.html????????????添加测试是手机端过来的数据信息
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[[email protected] www] #
10.9.1.2 172.16.1.8(谷歌)的环境准备
[[email protected] ~] # cd /html/www/
[[email protected] www] # echo "pc.oldboy.com" > index.html????????????添加测试是电脑发送过来的数据
[[email protected] www] #
10.9.1.3 负载均衡的配置
[[email protected] conf.d] # vim www.conf
upstream iphone {
server 172.16.1.7:80;
}
upstream pc {
server 172.16.1.8:80;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
if ($http_user_agent ~* iphone){????????????????????看终端是否匹配iphone
proxy_pass http://iphone;
}
proxy_pass http://pc;????????????????????????????不匹配iphone剩下的匹配电脑
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
}
}
- $http_user_agent这个是判断客户终端信息使用的是什么类型，后面匹配的具体值，不能随便写，需要在日记中去看看
172.16.1.5 - - [02/Dec/2019:15:24:22 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 18 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 11_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/604.1.38 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/11.0 Mobile/15A372 Safari/604.1" "10.0.0.1"
- 上面的日志我们可以看到我现在使用的是iphone来进行访问的
10.9.2 查看最终的结果
10.9.2.1 iphone访问的结果
10.9.2.2 pc端访问的结果
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/liangyuxing/p/11971296.html