sed：编辑器
sed：Stream EDitor，行编辑器
用法: sed [选项]... {脚本(如果没有其他脚本)} [输入文件]...
常用选项：
-e：多点编辑
-f /PATH/TO/SCRIPT_FILE:从指定文件中读取编辑脚本：
-r：支持使用扩展正则表达式
-n：不输出模式中的内容至屏幕
-i: 原处编辑
！：取反条件
s/查找的条件/替换的内容/:
[email protected]@@ s###
编辑命令：
a,append表示追加指令
i,insert表示插入指令
d,delete表示删除指令
s，substitution表示替换指令
p，显示模式空间中的内容
w /path/to/somefile：保存模式空间中的内容到指定文件中
r /path/to/somefile: 读取指定文件的文件流至模式空间中的行（能匹配到的行）
=：为模式空间中的行打印行号
关于d删除的用法：
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# 删除以UUID开头的行：
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘/^UUID/d‘ /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# 删除以#开头的行
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘/^#/d‘ /etc/fstab
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
# 删除空白行
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘/^$/d‘ /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# 在/tmp/fst的第二行后面插入"wanwan=3"
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘2a wanwan=3‘ /tmp/fst
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/fst
#
wanwan=3
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# 将“wanwan=3”替换成“wanwan=5”
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘s/wanwan=3/wanwan=5/g‘ /tmp/fst
[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/fst
#
I am the third
I am the forth/p
wanwan=5
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# 删除1-5行的内容，i（inplace）直接就可以生效了，建议先测试后，然后再用“-i”参数
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘1,5d‘ /tmp/fst
[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/fst
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
# 在UUID的行后，直接加上“TYPE=test”
[[email protected] ~]# cat /tmp/fst
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘/^UUID/a TYPE=test‘ /tmp/fst
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
TYPE=test
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
TYPE=test
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
TYPE=test
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
TYPE=test
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
在#行开头的后面添加一行内容
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘/^#/a \#我们需要努力！‘ /tmp/fst
# /etc/fstab
#我们需要努力！
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#我们需要努力！
#
#我们需要努力！
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
#我们需要努力！
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#我们需要努力！
#
#我们需要努力！
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
在#行开头的前面添加一行内容"我们不要放弃！"
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘/^#/i \#我们不要放弃！‘ /tmp/fst
#我们不要放弃！
# /etc/fstab
#我们不要放弃！
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#我们不要放弃！
#
#我们不要放弃！
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
#我们不要放弃！
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#我们不要放弃！
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
#将/etc/fstab中将以UUID开头的行存入到/root/fstab中
[[email protected] ~]# sed -n ‘/^UUID/w /root/fstab‘ /etc/fstab
[[email protected] ~]# cat /root/fstab
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
# 将/root/write.txt文件读入到/etc/fstab的第六行
[[email protected] ~]# awk -F ":" ‘{print $1}‘ /etc/passwd|head -5>/root/write.txt
[[email protected] ~]# cat /root/write.txt
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘6r /root/write.txt‘ /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
root
bin
daemon
adm
lp
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
#对write.txt文件执行sed.sh脚本指令
[[email protected] ~]# cat sed.sh
# this is a test sed command
/^$/d
[[email protected] ~]# sed -f sed.sh write.txt
root
oo
bin
daemon
adm
lp
案例：
练习1：删除/boot/grub/grub.conf文件中所有以空白开头的行行首的空白字符
[[email protected] ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda5
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS 6 (2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /tboot.gz logging=vga,serial,memory
module /vmlinuz-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 ro root=UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 intel_iommu=on amd_iommu=on rd_NO_LUKS KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_MD crashkernel=128M LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
module /initramfs-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64.img
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘s#^[[:space:]]\+##‘ /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda5
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS 6 (2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /tboot.gz logging=vga,serial,memory
module /vmlinuz-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64 ro root=UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 intel_iommu=on amd_iommu=on rd_NO_LUKS KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=us rd_NO_MD crashkernel=128M LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
module /initramfs-2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64.img
练习2：删除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#开头，后面至少跟一个空白字符的行的行首和空白字符
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘[email protected]^#[[:space:]]\[email protected]@‘ /etc/fstab
#
/etc/fstab
Created by anaconda on Tue Jul 5 23:40:37 2016
#
Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under ‘/dev/disk‘
See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=922eb46f-7e6e-4670-8bf1-6f9f1b05a053 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=3881dbb7-5500-4eff-ba82-17651d436ce5 /boot ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=419bb1cd-93b2-403b-9bf2-847d3072248b /tmp ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=bcb87417-3008-4fcc-80d7-41c3ef9ff96c swap swap defaults 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
练习3：echo一个绝对路径路径sed命令，取出其基名：取出其目录名
目录名称：
[[email protected] ~]# echo "/etc/sysconfig"|sed ‘[email protected][^/]\+/\[email protected]@‘
/etc/
[[email protected] ~]# echo "/etc/sysconfig/"|sed ‘[email protected][^/]\+/\[email protected]@‘
/etc/
基名：
[[email protected] ~]# echo "/etc/sysconfig/" | sed -r ‘[email protected]^/.*/([^/]+)/[email protected]\[email protected]‘
sysconfig
[[email protected] ~]# echo "/etc/sysconfig" | sed -r ‘[email protected]^/.*/([^/]+)/[email protected]\[email protected]‘
sysconfig
# 执行多个指令的方法
[[email protected] tmp]# cat eth0
DEVICE=eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
方法1：
[[email protected] tmp]# sed -e ‘s/yes/no/‘ -e ‘s/eth0/ens32/‘ eth0
DEVICE=ens32
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=no
NM_CONTROLLED=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
方法2：利用分号隔开
[[email protected] tmp]# sed ‘s/yes/no/;s/eth0/ens32/‘ eth0
DEVICE=ens32
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=no
NM_CONTROLLED=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
方法3：利用分行
[[email protected] tmp]# sed ‘
> s/yes/no/
> s/eth0/ens32/‘ eth0
DEVICE=ens32
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=no
NM_CONTROLLED=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
# 操作地址匹配
sed -n ‘1~2p‘ /etc/passwd
# 删除/tmp/passwd的前5行
[[email protected] tmp]# head -10 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
删除后，然后进行对比：
[[email protected] tmp]# sed -i ‘1,5d‘ /tmp/passwd
[[email protected] tmp]# cat /tmp/passwd |head -10
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
# 替换第二个body位/body
[[email protected] ~]# cat test.txt
<html>
<title>First Web</title>
<body>hello world!<body>
</html>
[[email protected] ~]# cat sed.sh
/body/{
s//\/body/2
}
[[email protected] ~]# sed -f sed.sh test.txt
<html>
<title>First Web</title>
<body>hello world!</body>
</html>
# 利用 sed 直接在 /tmp/passwd 最后一行加入『# This is a test』
# sed -i ‘$a # This is a test‘ /tmp/passwd
# 先不用-i命令，进行测试下
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘$a # this is a test‘ /tmp/passwd |tail -5
awx:x:988:985::/var/lib/awx:/bin/bash
li4:x:1011:1011::/home/li4:/bin/bash
admin:x:1012:1012::/home/admin:/sbin/nologin
monitor:x:1013:1013::/home/monitor:/bin/bash
# this is a test
说明：
a）由于$代表的是最后一行，而 a 的动作是新增，因此该文件最后新增『# This is a test』！
b）sed 的『 -i 』选项可以直接修改文件内容，这功能非常有帮助！
c）举例来说，如果你有一个 100 万行的文件，你要在第 100 行加某些文字，此时使用 vim 可能会疯掉！因为文件太大了！那怎办？
就利用 sed 啊！透过 sed 直接修改/取代的功能，你甚至不需要使用 vim 去修订！
#在/tmp/passwd第二行后面添加"# this is a test"
[[email protected] ~]# sed ‘2a # this is a test‘ /tmp/passwd |head -5
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
# this is a test
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
# 利用 sed 将passwd内每一行结尾若为 . 则换成 !
[[email protected] tmp]# cat passwd
James is a good man .
Kobe is good at IT .
I love Linux.
welcome to linux.
[[email protected] tmp]# sed ‘s/\.$/\!/g‘ passwd
James is a good man !
Kobe is good at IT !
I love Linux!
welcome to linux!
使用-i参数才会真正的生效
# sed的知识扩展
在sed的工作原理图中我们了解到，sed不仅存在模式空间，也存在一个保持空间（hold space)。顾名思义，保存空间是一段sed独有的内存空间片段，可以暂时存放一些数据。
其中与“保持空间”相关的编辑命令有：
h：把模式空间中的内容覆盖到保存空间中的内容
H：把模式空间中的内容追加到保存空间中（加在原有内容之后）
g：把保持空间中的内容覆盖到模式空间中的内容
G：把保持空间中的内容追加到模式空间中（加在原有内容之后）
x：把模式空间中的内容和保持空间中的内容进行交换
d：删除模式空间中的内容
D：如果模式空间中的内容为多行时，删除模式空间中的第一行
n：读取匹配到的行的下一行到模式空间中（覆盖原内容）
N：读取匹配到的行的下一行到模式空间中（追加在原内容之后）
例如：显示偶数行的时候就可以这样实现：sed -n ‘n;p‘ FILE