WHO Model List of Essential Medicines 世界卫生组织珍贵药清单

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines

WHO Model List of Essential Medicines is published by the World Health Organization (WHO). The first list, published in 1977, included 204 pharmaceutical drugs.^[1] The WHO updates the list every two years. The WHO later added a separate WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children up to 12 years of age.

As of 2016, at least 156 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the WHO‘s model list.^[2] The national lists contain between 334 and 580 medications.^[3]

In the United States, price increases up to 50 times, starting in 2004, have made many first-line drugs on the list, such as pyrimethamine and albendazole, unaffordable for low-income people. These drugs are still available at lower prices outside the U.S.^[4]

In April 2015, the WHO published the 19th edition of the adult list and 5th edition of the list for children.^[5][6] The following list is based on the 19th edition of the adult list:

Contents

• 1 Anaesthetics
  • 1.1 General anaesthetics and oxygen
  • 1.2 Local anaesthetics
  • 1.3 Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures
• 2 Medicines for pain and palliative care
  • 2.1 Nonopioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • 2.2 Opioid analgesics
  • 2.3 Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care
• 3 Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis
• 4 Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings
  • 4.1 Nonspecific
  • 4.2 Specific
• 5 Anticonvulsive medication
• 6 Anti-infective medicines
  • 6.1 Antihelminthics
  • 6.2 Antibacterials
  • 6.3 Antifungal medicines
  • 6.4 Antiviral medicines
  • 6.5 Antiprotozoal medicines
• 7 Antimigraine medicines
  • 7.1 Acute attack
  • 7.2 Prevention
• 8 Antineoplastic and immunosuppressives
  • 8.1 Immunosuppressive medicines
  • 8.2 Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines
  • 8.3 Hormones and antihormones
• 9 Antiparkinsonism medicines
• 10 Medicines affecting the blood
  • 10.1 Antianaemia medicines
  • 10.2 Medicines affecting coagulation
  • 10.3 Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies
• 11 Blood products and plasma substitutes of human origin
  • 11.1 Blood and blood components
  • 11.2 Plasma-derived medicines
  • 11.3 Plasma substitutes
• 12 Cardiovascular medicines
  • 12.1 Antianginal medicines
  • 12.2 Antiarrhythmic medicines
  • 12.3 Antihypertensive medicines
  • 12.4 Medicines used in heart failure
  • 12.5 Antithrombotic medicines
  • 12.6 Lipid-lowering agents
• 13 Dermatological (topical)
  • 13.1 Antifungal medicines
  • 13.2 Anti-infective medicines
  • 13.3 Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines
  • 13.4 Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation
  • 13.5 Scabicides and pediculicides
• 14 Diagnostic agents
  • 14.1 Ophthalmic medicines
  • 14.2 Radiocontrast media
• 15 Disinfectants and antiseptics
  • 15.1 Antiseptics
  • 15.2 Disinfectants
• 16 Diuretics
• 17 Gastrointestinal medicines
  • 17.1 Antiulcer medicines
  • 17.2 Antiemetic medicines
  • 17.3 Anti-inflammatory medicines
  • 17.4 Laxatives
  • 17.5 Medicines used in diarrhea
• 18 Hormones, other endocrine medicines, and contraceptives
  • 18.1 Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes
  • 18.2 Androgens
  • 18.3 Contraceptives
  • 18.4 Estrogens
  • 18.5 Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes
  • 18.6 Ovulation inducers
  • 18.7 Progestogens
  • 18.8 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines
• 19 Immunologicals
  • 19.1 Diagnostic agents
  • 19.2 Sera and immunoglobulins
  • 19.3 Vaccines
• 20 Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors
• 21 Eye preparations
  • 21.1 Anti-infective agents
  • 21.2 Anti-inflammatory agents
  • 21.3 Local anesthetics
  • 21.4 Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines
  • 21.5 Mydriatics
  • 21.6 Anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
• 22 Oxytocics and antioxytocics
  • 22.1 Oxytocics and Abortifacients
  • 22.2 Antioxytocics (tocolytics)
• 23 Peritoneal dialysis solution
• 24 Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders
  • 24.1 Medicines used in psychotic disorders
  • 24.2 Medicines used in mood disorders
  • 24.3 Medicines for anxiety disorders
  • 24.4 Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders
  • 24.5 Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use
• 25 Medicines acting on the respiratory tract
  • 25.1 Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• 26 Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances
  • 26.1 Oral
  • 26.2 Parenteral
  • 26.3 Miscellaneous
• 27 Vitamins and minerals
• 28 Ear, nose and throat medicines in children
• 29 Specific medicines for neonatal care
  • 29.1 Medicines administered to the neonate
  • 29.2 Medicines administered to the mother
• 30 Medicines for diseases of joints
  • 30.1 Medicines used to treat gout
  • 30.2 Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders
  • 30.3 Juvenile joint diseases
• 31 See also
• 32 Notes
• 33 References

Anaesthetics

General anaesthetics and oxygen

Inhalational medicines

• Halothane
• Isoflurane
• Nitrous oxide and oxygen
• Oxygen therapy

Injectable medicines

• Ketamine
• Propofol^{[note 1]}

Local anaesthetics

• Bupivacaine
• Lidocaine
• Lidocaine + epinephrine
• Ephedrine^† (not a local anaesthetic, included in this list for prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anaesthesia during caesarean section)

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

• Atropine
• Midazolam
• Morphine

Medicines for pain and palliative care

Nonopioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

• Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
• Ibuprofen
• Paracetamol^{[note 2]} (acetaminophen)

Opioid analgesics

• Codeine
• Morphine^{[note 3]}

Medicines for other common symptoms in palliative care

• Amitriptyline
• Cyclizine
• Dexamethasone
• Diazepam
• Docusate sodium
• Fluoxetine
• Haloperidol
• Hyoscine butylbromide
• Hyoscine hydrobromide
• Lactulose
• Loperamide
• Metoclopramide
• Midazolam
• Ondansetron
• Senna

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis

• Dexamethasone
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Hydrocortisone
• Loratadine^{[note 4]}
• Prednisolone

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings

Nonspecific

• Charcoal, activated

Specific

• Acetylcysteine
• Atropine
• Calcium gluconate
• Methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue)
• Naloxone
• Penicillamine
• Prussian blue
• Sodium nitrite
• Sodium thiosulfate
• Deferoxamine^†
• Dimercaprol^†
• Fomepizole^†
• Sodium calcium edetate^†
• Succimer^†

Anticonvulsive medication

• Carbamazepine
• Diazepam
• Lorazepam
• Magnesium sulfate^{[note 5]}
• Phenobarbital
• Phenytoin
• Valproic acid (sodium valproate)
• Ethosuximide^†

Anti-infective medicines

Antihelminthics

Intestinal antihelminthics

• Albendazole
• Levamisole
• Mebendazole
• Niclosamide
• Praziquantel
• Pyrantel

Antifilarials

• Albendazole
• Diethylcarbamazine
• Ivermectin

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines

• Praziquantel
• Triclabendazole
• Oxamniquine^†

Antibacterials

Beta Lactam medicines

• Amoxicillin
• Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
• Ampicillin
• Benzathine benzylpenicillin
• Benzylpenicillin
• Cefalexin
• Cefazolin^{[note 6]}
• Cefixime^{[note 7]}
• Ceftriaxone^{[note 8]}
• Cloxacillin
• Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)
• Procaine benzylpenicillin^{[note 9]}
• Cefotaxime^{†[note 10]}
• Ceftazidime^†
• Imipenem + cilastatin^{†[note 11]}

Other antibacterials

• Azithromycin^{[note 12]}
• Chloramphenicol
• Ciprofloxacin
• Clarithromycin^{[note 13]}
• Doxycycline
• Erythromycin
• Gentamicin
• Metronidazole
• Nitrofurantoin
• Spectinomycin
• Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
• Trimethoprim
• Clindamycin^†
• Vancomycin^†

Antileprosy medicines

• Clofazimine
• Dapsone
• Rifampicin

Antituberculosis medicines

• Ethambutol
• Ethambutol + isoniazid
• Ethambutol + isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin
• Ethambutol + isoniazid + rifampicin
• Isoniazid
• Isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin
• Isoniazid + rifampicin
• Pyrazinamide
• Rifabutin^{[note 14]}
• Rifampicin
• Rifapentine^{[note 15]}
• Amikacin^†
• Bedaquiline^†
• Capreomycin^†
• Cycloserine^{†[note 16]}
• Delamanid^†
• Ethionamide^{†[note 17]}
• Kanamycin^†
• Levofloxacin^{†[note 18]}
• Linezolid^†
• p-aminosalicylic acid^†
• Streptomycin^†

Antifungal medicines

• Amphotericin B
• Clotrimazole
• Fluconazole
• Flucytosine
• Griseofulvin
• Nystatin
• Potassium iodide^†

Antiviral medicines

Antiherpes medicines

• Aciclovir

Antiretrovirals

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Abacavir (ABC)
• Lamivudine (3TC)
• Stavudine (d4T)
• Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)
• Zidovudine (ZDV or AZT)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Efavirenz (EGV or EFZ)
• Nevirapine (NVP)

Protease inhibitors

• Atazanavir
• Darunavir
• Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)
• Ritonavir
• Saquinavir (SQV)

Fixed-dose combinations

• Abacavir/lamivudine
• Efavirenz + emtricitabine^{[note 19]} + tenofovir
• Emtricitabine^{[note 19]} + tenofovir
• Lamivudine + nevirapine + stavudine
• Lamivudine + nevirapine + zidovudine
• Lamivudine/zidovudine

Other antivirals

• Oseltamivir^{[note 20]}
• Ribavirin^{[note 21]}
• Valganciclovir

Antihepatitis medicines

Medicines for hepatitis B

—Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

• Entecavir
• Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)

Medicines for hepatitis C

—Nucleotide polymerase inhibitors

• Sofosbuvir

—Protease inhibitors

• Simeprevir

—NS5A inhibitors

• Daclatasvir

—Non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors

• Dasabuvir

—Other antivirals

• Ribavirin^{[note 22]}
• Pegylated interferon alpha (2a or 2b)^{†[note 23]}

—Fixed-dose combinations

• Ledipasvir + Sofosbuvir
• Ombitasvir + Paritaprevir + Ritonavir

Antiprotozoal medicines

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines

• Diloxanide
• Metronidazole

Antileishmaniasis medicines

• Amphotericin B
• Miltefosine
• Paromomycin
• Sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate

Antimalarial medicines

For curative treatment

• Amodiaquine^{[note 24]}
• Artemether^{[note 25]}
• Artemether/lumefantrine^{[note 26]}
• Artesunate^{[note 27]}
• Artesunate/amodiaquine^{[note 28]}
• Artesunate/mefloquine
• Chloroquine^{[note 29]}
• Doxycycline^{[note 30]}
• Mefloquine^{[note 31]}
• Primaquine^{[note 32]}
• Quinine^{[note 33]}
• Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine^{[note 34]}

For prevention

• Chloroquine^{[note 35]}
• Doxycycline
• Mefloquine
• Proguanil^{[note 36]}

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines

• Pyrimethamine
• Sulfadiazine
• Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
• Pentamidine^†

Antitrypanosomal medicines

African trypanosomiasis

Medicines for the treatment of 1st stage African trypanosomiasis

• Pentamidine^{[note 37]}
• Suramin sodium^{[note 38]}

Medicines for the treatment of second stage African trypanosomiasis

• Eflornithine^{[note 39]}
• Melarsoprol
• Nifurtimox^{[note 40]}

American trypanosomiasis

• Benznidazole
• Nifurtimox

Antimigraine medicines

Acute attack

• Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin)
• Ibuprofen
• Paracetamol

Prevention

• Propranolol

Antineoplastic and immunosuppressives

Immunosuppressive medicines

• Azathioprine^†
• Ciclosporin^†

Cytotoxic and adjuvant medicines

• All-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin)^†
• Allopurinol^†
• Asparaginase^†
• Bendamustine^†
• Bleomycin^†
• Calcium folinate^†
• Capecitabine^†
• Carboplatin^†
• Chlorambucil^†
• Cisplatin^†
• Cyclophosphamide^†
• Cytarabine^†
• Dacarbazine^†
• Dactinomycin^†
• Daunorubicin^†
• Docetaxel^†
• Doxorubicin^†
• Etoposide^†
• Fludarabine^†
• Fluorouracil^†
• Filgrastim^†
• Gemcitabine^†
• Hydroxycarbamide^†
• Ifosfamide^†
• Imatinib^†
• Irinotecan^†
• Mercaptopurine^†
• Mesna^†
• Methotrexate^†
• Oxaliplatin^†
• Paclitaxel^†
• Procarbazine^†
• Rituximab^†
• Thioguanine^†
• Trastuzumab^†
• Vinblastine^†
• Vincristine^†
• Vinorelbine^†

Hormones and antihormones

• Anastrozole^†
• Bicalutamide^†
• Dexamethasone^†
• Hydrocortisone^†
• Leuprorelin^†
• Methylprednisolone^†
• Prednisolone^†
• Tamoxifen^†

Antiparkinsonism medicines

• Biperiden
• Carbidopa/levodopa (levodopa + carbidopa)

Medicines affecting the blood

Antianaemia medicines

• Ferrous salt
• Ferrous salt + folic acid
• Folic acid
• Hydroxocobalamin

Medicines affecting coagulation

• Enoxaparin
• Heparin sodium
• Phytomenadione
• Protamine sulfate
• Tranexamic acid
• Warfarin
• Desmopressin^†

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

• Deferoxamine^{†[note 41]}
• Hydroxycarbamide^†

Blood products and plasma substitutes of human origin

Blood and blood components

• Fresh frozen plasma
• Platelet concentrates
• Red blood cells
• Whole blood

Plasma-derived medicines

Human immunoglobulins

• Anti-D immunoglobulin
• Anti-rabies immunoglobulin
• Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
• Human normal immunoglobulin^†

Blood coagulation factors

• Coagulation factor VIII^†
• Coagulation factor IX^†

Plasma substitutes

• Dextran 70^{[note 42]}

Cardiovascular medicines

Antianginal medicines

• Bisoprolol^{[note 43]}
• Glyceryl trinitrate
• Isosorbide dinitrate
• Verapamil

Antiarrhythmic medicines

• Bisoprolol^{[note 43]}
• Digoxin
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Lidocaine
• Verapamil
• Amiodarone^†

Antihypertensive medicines

• Amlodipine
• Bisoprolol^{[note 43]}
• Enalapril
• Hydralazine^{[note 44]}
• Hydrochlorothiazide
• Methyldopa^{[note 45]}
• Sodium nitroprusside^†

Medicines used in heart failure

• Bisoprolol^{[note 43]}
• Digoxin
• Enalapril
• Furosemide
• Hydrochlorothiazide
• Spironolactone
• Dopamine^†

Antithrombotic medicines

Anti-platelet medicines

• Acetylsalicylic acid
• Clopidogrel

Thrombolytic medicines

• Streptokinase^†

Lipid-lowering agents

• Simvastatin^{[note 46]}

Dermatological (topical)

Antifungal medicines

• Miconazole
• Selenium sulfide
• Sodium thiosulfate
• Terbinafine

Anti-infective medicines

• Mupirocin
• Potassium permanganate
• Silver sulfadiazine

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

• Betamethasone
• Calamine
• Hydrocortisone

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

• Benzoyl peroxide
• Coal tar
• Fluorouracil
• Podophyllum resin
• Salicylic acid
• Urea

Scabicides and pediculicides

• Benzyl benzoate
• Permethrin

Diagnostic agents

Ophthalmic medicines

• Fluorescein
• Tropicamide

Radiocontrast media

• Amidotrizoate
• Barium sulfate
• Iohexol
• Meglumine iotroxate^†

Disinfectants and antiseptics

Antiseptics

• Chlorhexidine
• Ethanol
• Povidone iodine

Disinfectants

• Alcohol based hand rub
• Chlorine base compound
• Chloroxylenol
• Glutaral

Diuretics

• Amiloride
• Furosemide
• Hydrochlorothiazide
• Mannitol
• Spironolactone

Gastrointestinal medicines

• Pancreatic enzymes^†

Antiulcer medicines

• Omeprazole
• Ranitidine

Antiemetic medicines

• Dexamethasone
• Metoclopramide
• Ondansetron

Anti-inflammatory medicines

• Sulfasalazine
• Hydrocortisone^†

Laxatives

• Senna

Medicines used in diarrhea

Oral rehydration

• Oral rehydration salts

Medicines for diarrhea in children

• Zinc sulfate^{[note 47]}

Hormones, other endocrine medicines, and contraceptives

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

• Fludrocortisone
• Hydrocortisone

Androgens

• Testosterone^†

Contraceptives

Oral hormonal contraceptives

• Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel
• Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone
• Levonorgestrel

Injectable hormonal contraceptives

• Estradiol cypionate + medroxyprogesterone acetate
• Medroxyprogesterone acetate
• Norethisterone enantate

Intrauterine devices

• IUD with copper
• IUD with progestogen

Barrier methods

• Condoms
• Diaphragms

Implantable contraceptives

• Etonogestrel—releasing implant
• Levonorgestrel—releasing implant

Intravaginal contraceptives

• Progesterone vaginal ring

Estrogens

Insulins and other medicines used for diabetes

• Gliclazide^{[note 48]}
• Glucagon
• Insulin injection (soluble)
• Intermediate-acting insulin
• Metformin

Ovulation inducers

• Clomifene^†

Progestogens

• Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

• Levothyroxine
• Potassium iodide
• Propylthiouracil
• Lugol‘s solution^†

Immunologicals

Diagnostic agents

• Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)

Sera and immunoglobulins

• Antivenom immunoglobulin^{[note 49]}
• Diphtheria antitoxin

Vaccines

• BCG vaccine
• Cholera vaccine^{[note 50]}
• Diphtheria vaccine
• Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine
• Hepatitis A vaccine^{[note 50]}
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• HPV vaccine
• Influenza vaccine
• Japanese encephalitis vaccine^{[note 51]}
• Measles vaccine
• Meningococcal meningitis vaccine^{[note 50]}
• Mumps vaccine
• Pertussis vaccine
• Pneumococcal vaccine
• Poliomyelitis vaccine
• Rabies vaccine^{[note 50]}
• Rotavirus vaccine
• Rubella vaccine
• Tetanus vaccine
• Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine^{[note 51]}
• Typhoid vaccine^{[note 50]}
• Varicella vaccine
• Yellow fever vaccine^{[note 51]}

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

• Atracurium
• Neostigmine
• Suxamethonium
• Vecuronium
• Pyridostigmine^†

Eye preparations

Anti-infective agents

• Aciclovir
• Azithromycin
• Gentamicin
• Ofloxacin
• Tetracycline

Anti-inflammatory agents

• Prednisolone

Local anesthetics

• Tetracaine

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

• Acetazolamide
• Latanoprost
• Pilocarpine
• Timolol

Mydriatics

• Atropine^{[note 52]}
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)^†

Anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

• Bevacizumab^†

Oxytocics and antioxytocics

Oxytocics and Abortifacients

• Ergometrine
• Misoprostol
• Oxytocin
• Mifepristone used with misoprostol^{†[note 53]}

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

• Nifedipine

Peritoneal dialysis solution

• Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)^†

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

Medicines used in psychotic disorders

• Chlorpromazine
• Fluphenazine
• Haloperidol
• Risperidone
• Clozapine^†

Medicines used in mood disorders

Medicines used in depressive disorders

• Amitriptyline
• Fluoxetine

Medicines used in bipolar disorders

• Carbamazepine
• Lithium
• Valproic acid (sodium valproate)

Medicines for anxiety disorders

• Diazepam

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

• Clomipramine

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

• Nicotine replacement therapy
• Methadone^†

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

Antiasthmatic and medicines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• Beclometasone
• Budesonide
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• Ipratropium bromide
• Salbutamol

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

Oral

• Oral rehydration salts
• Potassium chloride

Parenteral

• Glucose
• Glucose with sodium chloride
• Potassium chloride
• Sodium chloride
• Sodium hydrogen carbonate
• Sodium lactate, compound solution

Miscellaneous

• Water for injection

Vitamins and minerals

• Ascorbic acid
• Calcium
• Cholecalciferol^{[note 54]}
• Ergocalciferol
• Iodine
• Nicotinamide
• Pyridoxine
• Retinol
• Riboflavin
• Sodium fluoride
• Thiamine
• Calcium gluconate^†

Ear, nose and throat medicines in children

• Acetic acid
• Budesonide
• Ciprofloxacin
• Xylometazoline

Specific medicines for neonatal care

Medicines administered to the neonate

• Caffeine citrate
• Chlorhexidine
• Ibuprofen^†
• Prostaglandin E^†
• Surfactant^†

Medicines administered to the mother

• Dexamethasone

Medicines for diseases of joints

Medicines used to treat gout

• Allopurinol

Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders

• Chloroquine
• Azathioprine^†
• Hydroxychloroquine^†
• Methotrexate^†
• Penicillamine^†
• Sulfasalazine^†

Juvenile joint diseases

• Aspirin^{[note 55]}