LVS（Linux Virtual Server）Linux服务器集群系统
针对高可伸缩，高可用服务的需求，给予IP层和内容请求分发的负载均衡调度解决方法，并在Linux的内核中实现，将一组服务器构成一个实现可伸缩，高可用网络服务的虚拟服务器 负载均衡1.大量的兵法访问或数据流量分担到多态节点设备分别处理，减少用户的等待时间2.单个重负载的运算分担到多态节点设备上做并行处理，每个节点设备处理结束后，将结果汇总，返回给用户 负载调度器一组服务器通过高速的局域网或者地理分布的广域网相互相连，在他们的前端有一个负载均衡调度器（Load Balancer），负载均衡调度器能无缝的将网络请求调度到真实的服务器上，从而使得服务器集群的结构对用户是透明的，用户通过访问集群系统提供的网络服务，就像访问一台高性能，高可用的服务器。
IP负载均衡技术（三种）
1.VS/NAT（网络地址转换）通过网络地址转换，调度器重写请求报文的目标地址，根据预设的调度算法，将请求分发给后端的真实服务器，真实服务器的响应报文通过调度器时，报文的源地址被重写，再返回到客户端，完成整个调度的过程
2.VS/TUN（IP隧道模式）调度器将请求的报文通过IP隧道转发至真实服务器，而真实的服务器直接将结果返回给用户，调度器只处理请求报文，由于一般网路服务的应答大于请求，采用IP隧道模式，集群系统的最大吞吐量可以提高10倍。
3.VS/DR（直接路由）通过改写请求报文的MAC地址，将请求发送到真是服务器，真实服务器将响应直接返回给用户，之际额路由模式可以极大的提高集群系统的伸缩性，这种方法没有IP隧道的开销，集群中真实的服务器也没有必要必须支持IP隧道协议，只是需要调度器与真实服务器有一块网卡连在同一物理网段上。 其中在这三种IP负载均衡的技术中，DR和TUN模式都需要在真实服务器上对arp_ignore和arp_announce参数进行配置，主要是实现禁止响应对VIP的ARP请求。
在lvs环境中，需要设定以下的参数
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echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce |
先来看看关于arp_ignore和arp_announce的有关介绍
有关arp_ignore的相关介绍：
arp_ignore - INTEGER Define different modes for sending replies in response to received ARP requests that resolve local target IP addresses: 0 - (default): reply for any local target IP address, configured on any interface 1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address configured on the incoming interface 2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address configured on the incoming interface and both with the sender‘s IP address are part from same subnet on this interface 3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with scope host, only resolutions for global and link addresses are replied 4-7 - reserved 8 - do not reply for all local addresses The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_ignore is used when ARP request is received on the {interface}
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arp_ignore:定义对目标地址为本地IP的ARP询问不同的应答模式0
0 - (默认值): 回应任何网络接口上对任何本地IP地址的arp查询请求
1 - 只回答目标IP地址是来访网络接口本地地址的ARP查询请求
2 -只回答目标IP地址是来访网络接口本地地址的ARP查询请求,且来访IP必须在该网络接口的子网段内
3 - 不回应该网络界面的arp请求，而只对设置的唯一和连接地址做出回应
4-7 - 保留未使用
8 -不回应所有（本地地址）的arp查询
有关arp_announce的相关介绍：
arp_announce - INTEGER Define different restriction levels for announcing the local source IP address from IP packets in ARP requests sent on interface: 0 - (default) Use any local address, configured on any interface 1 - Try to avoid local addresses that are not in the target‘s subnet for this interface. This mode is useful when target hosts reachable via this interface require the source IP address in ARP requests to be part of their logical network configured on the receiving interface. When we generate the request we will check all our subnets that include the target IP and will preserve the source address if it is from such subnet. If there is no such subnet we select source address according to the rules for level 2. 2 - Always use the best local address for this target. In this mode we ignore the source address in the IP packet and try to select local address that we prefer for talks with the target host. Such local address is selected by looking for primary IP addresses on all our subnets on the outgoing interface that include the target IP address. If no suitable local address is found we select the first local address we have on the outgoing interface or on all other interfaces, with the hope we will receive reply for our request and even sometimes no matter the source IP address we announce. The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_announce is used. Increasing the restriction level gives more chance for receiving answer from the resolved target while decreasing the level announces more valid sender‘s information.
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arp_announce:对网络接口上，本地IP地址的发出的，ARP回应，作出相应级别的限制: 确定不同程度的限制,宣布对来自本地源IP地址发出Arp请求的接口
0 - (默认) 在任意网络接口（eth0,eth1，lo）上的任何本地地址
1 -尽量避免不在该网络接口子网段的本地地址做出arp回应. 当发起ARP请求的源IP地址是被设置应该经由路由达到此网络接口的时候很有用.此时会检查来访IP是否为所有接口上的子网段内ip之一.如果改来访IP不属于各个网络接口上的子网段内,那么将采用级别2的方式来进行处理.
2 - 对查询目标使用最适当的本地地址.在此模式下将忽略这个IP数据包的源地址并尝试选择与能与该地址通信的本地地址.首要是选择所有的网络接口的子网中外出访问子网中包含该目标IP地址的本地地址. 如果没有合适的地址被发现,将选择当前的发送网络接口或其他的有可能接受到该ARP回应的网络接口来进行发送.
关于对arp_announce 理解的一点补充
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Assume that a linux box X has three interfaces - eth0, eth1 and eth2. Each interface has an IP address IP0, IP1 and IP2. When a local application tries to send an IP packet with IP0 through the eth2. Unfortunately, the target node’s mac address is not resolved. Thelinux box X will send the ARP request to know the mac address of the target(or the gateway). In this case what is the IP source address of the “ARP request message”? The IP0- the IP source address of the transmitting IP or IP2 - the outgoing interface? Until now(actually just 3 hours before) ARP request uses the IP address assigned to the outgoing interface(IP2 in the above example) However the linux’s behavior is a little bit different. Actually the selection of source address in ARP request is totally configurable bythe proc variable “arp_announce” If we want to use the IP2 not the IP0 in the ARP request, we should change the value to 1 or 2. The default value is 0 - allow IP0 is used for ARP request. |